<p>Libbys No. 23 is a historic sail-powered fishing vessel, now on display at the Lake Clark National Park and Preserve visitors center in Port Alsworth, Alaska. Built in 1914, she served in the salmon fishery of Bristol Bay until about 1951, owned by the Libbys cannery and worked by two-man crews. She is 29 ft long, with a beam of 9 ft and a depth of 4 ft. Its bow and stern are roughly the same shape, giving the style its name. Despite its use for freight and recreation between 1953 and 1997, the boat has retained much of its original equipment, and was fully restored by the National Park Service between 1998 and 2005, acquiring replacement parts from similar boats and removing an added motor. It is normally rigged with a mainsail and spritsail, but these are only raised when the boat is taken out of its custom-built boathouse.</p><br>
<p>The boat was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Goikarla Rigyu, also spelled Goikarla Ri&#39;gyü or Guotalari, is a range of mountains to the north of the Yarlung Tsangpo River and southeast of the city of Lhasa in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Goikarla Rigyu extends along the north bank of the Yarlung Tsangpo from Gonggar to Mainling.</p><br>
<p>To the north of the range, the lower reaches of the Lhasa River run westward and then turn south to join the Yarlung Tsangpo.</p><br>
<p>Further east, the Nyang River rises in the range to the west of Mila Mountain and runs east and then south past Nyingchi to join the Yarlung Tsangpo just downstream from Mainling.</p><br>
<p>The range includes the "WordeKongge" holy mountain.</p><br>
<p>This mountain rises to an altitude of 5,998 m.</p><br>
<p>Other peaks rise as high as 6,132 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The Nordica Homestead is a historic house museum at 116 Nordica Road  in Farmington, Maine. Built in 1840, this house was the birthplace and summer home of Lillian Nordica , one of the leading operatic sopranos of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It has been a museum dedicated to her memory since 1928. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. It is open to the public between June and October.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Nordica Homestead is a 1-1/2 story wood frame Cape style house, with a clapboard siding and a granite foundation. An ell enlarges the house to the rear. The interior retains original pine flooring, painted with spattered colors, and wallpaper. A barn is one of the only surviving agricultural outbuildings of the 115 acre property. The house built in 1840 by Edwin Norton, a local farmer with large landholdings in the Farmington area.</p><br>
<p>Edwins daughter Lillian was born in this house in 1857, and lived there until age five. She received vocal training at the New England Conservatory in Boston, Massachusetts, and had an illustrious career in the opera under the stage name "Lillian Nordica". Although this property was sold by the family in 1857, it was repurchased by two of Nordicas sisters and given to her in 1911. She then visited it in the summers until her death in 1914. The property fell vacant and declined, until a group of friends and admirers banded together to restore it. They purchased the property, restored it, and opened it in 1928 as a museum dedicated to Noordica&#39;s memory.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. It is open to the public between June and October; a small admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<p>The Jochköpfl is a mountain, on the Windach-Brunnenkogel-Kamm, a subgroup of the Stubai Alps in Austria.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Name and location</h3><br>
<p>The Jochköpfl is named after the col of Timmelsjoch and lies almost exactly on the border between the Austrian federal state of Tyrol and the autonomous Italian province of Bolzano-South Tyrol. The border runs about 150 metres east of the bench-mark at the summit.</p><br>
<p>A prominent ridge heads south for a good kilometre from the summit. To the southwest a 700-metre-long arête ends at the notch of the Rötenkarscharte at 2,832 metres.</p><br>
<h3>Surrounding area</h3><br>
<p>The Jochköpfl lies about 2½ kilometres northnortheast of the Timmelsjoch (2,478 m) and around 6 km as the crow flies northwest of St. Martin am Schneeberg, South Tyrol. To the west and north of the mountain, glaciers reach a height of 3,050 metres. To the north is the Kitzkampferner glacier and, to the west, the more steeply inclined Rötenkarferner, which has shrunk significantly due to global warming. Neighbouring peaks are the 3,135-metre-high Schrakogel to the northwest, which is separated by a notch at 3,068 metres; the 3,060-metre-high Vordere Kitzkogel on the northeast arête; and the Graslahnerspitze at 2,970 metres above sea level along the south arête, which is interrupted by two unimposing, intermediate tops, the Timmelsjochberg and Hochwarte. The southwest ridge runs towards the Timmelstal valley down into the Untere Wannenkar cirque.</p><br>
<h2>First ascent</h2><br>
<p>The Jochköpfl was probably first ascended by chamois hunters and state survey staff during the 1850s. There are no records of ascents purely for pleasure dating to the 19th century. However, on 22 August 1890, Ludwig Purtscheller undertook a crossing of all the summits on the main chain of mountains including the one now called the Jochköpfl.</p><br>
<p>Edward J. Hammond Hall is a historic mixed-use civic building on Main Street in Winter Harbor, Maine. The architecturally sophisticated hall was built in 1903 to house town offices and a performing arts spaces, and was built with a major donation from local son Edward J. Hammond. The building served as town hall until 1958, and is still used for performances by the Schoodic Arts for All organization. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Hammond Hall is set on the south side of Main Street, on the west side of the village center of Winter Harbor. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a front-gable roof, wood shingle siding, and a raised stone foundation. The building&#39;s front corners feature doubled pilasters, and the eaves are studded with doubled brackets. A flat-roof porch extends from the north-facing front facade, supported by paired square columns and paired pilasters, with a balustrade on top. A Palladian window is located just above the entrance. The entry leads into a large vestibule finished in horizontal tongue-and-groove paneling, with a small ticket window to the east, and a broad staircase leading to the second floor on the same side. The auditorium space is finished with plaster above tongue-and-groove wainscoting, and the edge of the balcony is finished in similar paneling. The auditorium space has wooden flooring, and does not have permanently installed seating.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the hall was proposed in 1902 by Edward J. Hammond, owner of a local lumber business, after a fire swept through Winter Harbor village. Hammond donated land and materials, and the town paid for the building to be erected, which was completed the following year. The hall house town offices on the second floor (space now used for storage and meetings), and the hall was used for live performances, social events, and eventually movies as well. The town offices moved out of the building in 1958, and the main hall continued to be used as a school gymnasium until 1987. The town then sold the building to the Winter Harbor Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>A scarcity of funding resulted in the building&#39;s decline, and it was slated for demolition in 2002. It was rescued by the Schoodic Arts For All, a cultural organization that brings a variety of events to the space, which now holds a long-term lease on the property.</p><br>
<p>Mila Mountain, or Mira Mountain, is a mountain in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, roughly 150 km by road northeast of Lhasa. The road pass that runs by its peak is one of the highest on China National Highway 318.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Mila Mountain lies on the border between the Lhasa Prefecture and the Nyingchi Prefecture, and has an elevation of 5,200 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The pass to the west of the mountain between Lhasas Maizhokunggar County and Nyinchis Gongbo&#39;gyamda County is the highest point on the Nyingchi–Lhasa section of China National Highway 318.</p><br>
<p>It has an average elevation of 5,000 m.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 it was reported that local farmers could earn around 50 yuan, or US $6.25, daily from selling souvenirs at the Mila mountain pass.</p><br>
<p>In January 2015 it was announced that there were plans to build a tunnel for this part of the road later in the year.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The west of the mountain is dry and cool, while the east side is warmer and has more moisture, and therefore has richer vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The foothills have natural pastures and farmland. Trees include Yunnan pine, birch and fir.</p><br>
<p>Wildlife includes roe deer, antelope and bear.</p><br>
<p>Grinnell Company-General Fire Extinguisher Company Complex is a historic factory complex located at Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. It was built in 1929-1930, and consists of a two-story office building and massive tall, one-story Grinnell manufacturing building. The office building is a reinforced concrete structure, with a brick veneer, a flat roof, and a parapet capped in concrete coping. The manufacturing building has a poured concrete slab foundation, brick veneered walls, a steel framing system consisting of I-beam piers and heavy Pratt truss roof, banks of continuous, steel sash windows, and large, sawtooth monitors. The complex was built for the largest manufacturer of automatic sprinklers and other fire protection products in North America.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Durreck  is the highest mountain in the Durreck Group, a South Tyrolean range that divides the Ahrntal valley in the north from the Reintal valley in the south.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Durreck lies on the main chain of the mountains that runs from northeast to southwest. This main crest forks only about 100 metres to the southwest at the nearby subpeak of the Zwieselnöckl (3,088 m). One branch runs southwards to the Großer Moosstock (3,059 m) and the other northwards, via the Klausnock (2,819 m), Rauchkofel (2,653 m) and Pojenspitze (2,453 m) near the Obersteiner Holm (2,395 m) above Luttach. Northeast of the Durreck at a distance of half a kilometre is a very prominent, but unnamed subpeak at 3,056 metres. Further along the main chain to the northwest is the Gamskarschneide, several peaks just under the 3000-metre mark and finally the Hirbernock (3,010 m).</p><br>
<p>Northwest of the Durreck are the last remnants of glaciation in the Durreck Group, the Klausenkees glacier, that still descended as low as 2,300 metres in 1910. The whole area is part of the Rieserferner-Ahrn Nature Park.</p><br>
<h2>First ascents</h2><br>
<p>The Durreck was first climbed in July 1877 by C. Arnold from Munich and Josef Außerhofer from Rein. They approached from the south, from Moosmaier Alm. In summer 1883 the Durreck was first crossed by V. H. Schnorr from Zwickau with a guide, Stabeler, from Taufers. They started from the Ahrntal to the north and descended into the Reintal valley. On 20 August 1909 another route up the Durreck was ascended for the first time by O. Primus and F. Schaufler from Innsbruck and H. Schwarweber from Pforzheim, following the northern ridge above the Klausenkees to the top.</p><br>
<p>The Nashawannuck Mills Historic District of Easthampton, Massachusetts encompasses a 19th-century industrial complex on Cottage Street in the heart of the town. Most of the connected series of brick buildings were built between about 1848 and 1870, although the facilities were used for industrial purposes until 1970. The oldest building erected was by Samuel Williston for a button factory. Powered by a dam that impounded Bound Brook, the facility expanded in both size and function, eventually becoming a major producer of elastic fabrics for goods such as suspenders and webbing. The industrial works were the major economic engine in Easthampton into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Savona Mill, also known as Savona Manufacturing Company, Alfred Cotton Mill, and Old Dominion Box Company, is a historic textile mill located at Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The building consists of four sections, three of which are historic. They are the 1915-1916 Weave Mill, a one-story rectangular brick building with segmental arched head windows, a low gable roof with exposed beam ends and a wood clerestory monitor roof; the 1921 Spinning Mill, a three-story rectangular brick building with large rectangular steel windows; and the 1951 three-story Paper Warehouse addition. The Weave Mill was designed by Lockwood, Greene & Co. Richard C. Biberstein designed the Spinning Mill.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Merchants and Farmers National Bank Building is a historic bank building located at Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. It was built in 1871–1872, and is a three-story, brick building with a stuccoed front and Italianate style cast iron trim manufactured by the Mecklenburg Iron Works. The building housed Independent Order of Odd Fellows Lodges that met there from the l870s through 1920. It is the oldest surviving commercial building in the central business district of Charlotte.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The building was demolished in 1989 to make room for construction of the new corporate headquarter of NCNB, which later became Bank of America.</p><br>
<p>Currently, Bank of America Corporate Center sits at the former location of the building.</p><br>
<p>Castlemaine Perkins Building is a heritage-listed former warehouse at 418-420 Adelaide Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Ramsay Hall and built from 1918 to 1919 by George Albert Baumber and was extended in 1928 to 1929. It is also known as Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan, Gray & Co Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 March 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building at 418-420 Adelaide Street was constructed in a number of stages between and 1928-1929. The main section (a two- and three-storeyed brick warehouse, bond store and office building) was erected in 1918-1919 for The Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan, Gray & Co Brisbane Ltd (later Castlemaine Perkins). The designer, Brisbane architect Thomas Ramsay Hall, incorporated an earlier two-storeyed stone warehouse into the structure. In 1928-1929 a new bulk store was added at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan, Gray & Co. Brisbane Ltd manufactured Queenslands famous "XXXX" beer and imported wine and spirits. The origins of the firm dated to 1871, when Michael Quinlan and N Donnelly entered into partnership as Quinlan, Donnelly and Co., general business and shipping agents, Brisbane. In late 1873 Donnelly relinquished his interest in the partnership and Quinlan continued to trade as Quinlan and Co. In 1874 the companys office and stores were re-located from Mary Street to Queen Street, opposite the Customs House and close to the new wharves being developed at Petrie Bight, establishing a long connection with the Petrie Bight district. Following Michael Quinlans death in July 1878 his widow took control of the company and in August 1878 entered into partnership with George Wilkie Gray, the firms principal manager, as Quinlan, Gray & Co.</p><br>
<p>Prior to Michael Quinlan&#39;s death the company had entered into negotiations with Edward and Nicholas Fitzgerald, owners of the Castlemaine Brewery in Victoria, to establish a brewery in Brisbane. In 1877 the firm of Fitzgerald, Quinlan & Co. was formed and the Queensland Distillery at Milton was acquired and developed as the Castlemaine Brewery. The first Castlemaine XXX Sparkling Ale was sold in late 1878. In 1887 The Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan, Gray & Co. Brisbane Ltd was formed to acquire the assets of Fitzgerald, Quinlan & Co. (owners of the Castlemaine Brewery at Milton) and Quinlan, Gray & Co. (general merchants and importers). In addition to the brewing business the firm supplied wine, spirits, groceries and general merchandise to hotelkeepers, storekeepers, and graziers throughout Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The firm continued to occupy premises in Queen Street near the Customs House through the 1890s and early 1900s, and in 1901 also took up the lease of 385-391 Adelaide Street as a bond store. In 1909-1910 the company purchased two nearby allotments, at the corner of Adelaide Street and Clark Lane, with the object of constructing their own building on the site.</p><br>
<p>These allotments were part of a larger parcel of land bounded by Wharf, Adelaide and Ann streets alienated in 1853 by Dr William Hobbs. In the late 1870s the Brisbane Municipal Council formed the north-east end of Adelaide Street and in the process Adelaide Street was cut down in front of Dr Hobbs residence to better link with Queen Street at Petrie Bight. By 1881, when Dr Hobbs placed his property on the market, a right of way existed over what is now Clark Lane. In subsequent years much of Dr Hobbs property was acquired for the St Johns Cathedral precinct, and his former residence is now The Deanery at St John&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The allotments at the corner of Adelaide Street and Clark Lane remained unimproved until George Bowser and George Montague Bowser (trading as George Bowser & Co., quarrymen, asphalters and general contractors), acquired title to the allotment adjoining Clark Lane in late 1899. Bowser & Co. were the proprietors of the Bowen Park Quarry opposite the Exhibition Grounds, supplying porphyry (Brisbane tuff) for both building and asphalting purposes, and appear to have been responsible for the construction of a two-storeyed stone warehouse at the corner of Clark Lane and Adelaide Street. The hill was heavily cut into to accommodate this building but may have been partly excavated from the late 1870s when Dr Hobbs, in an attempt to create better access to his property after the cutting down of Adelaide Street, sold fill from his land to the Municipal Council for road works.</p><br>
<p>From October 1900 the Salvation Army held a five-year lease over Bowser & Co.s building, which they conducted as a Workmens Metropole providing low-cost temporary accommodation to itinerant working men. After the Salvation Army vacated this building it was occupied by various businesses, including the Queensland Motor Agency, WF Turk & Co. electrical engineers and machinery agents, and JW Walker, clothing manufacturer. In April 1909 title was transferred to The Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan Gray & Co. Brisbane Limited, which also acquired title to the adjacent unimproved allotment in April 1910, providing the firm with a total of 52.6 perches (1330m) with a frontage of 99 feet (30.2m) to Adelaide Street.</p><br>
<p>Work on construction of a new building had not commenced prior to World War I (1914-1918), which interrupted trade and had a detrimental impact on the companys activities. In 1916 the directors made three significant decisions: to withdraw from general importing and to specialise in brewing and in the distribution of wine and spirits; to introduce Castlemaine XXXX Sparkling Ale; and to proceed with the construction of the Adelaide Street building. Construction commenced about September 1918 and was completed in 1919 at a total cost of £22,950. The architect was TR Hall and the contractor GA Baumber, who was a shareholder in the company. The new structure more than doubled the footprint of the existing building on the site, necessitating further cutting into the rocky outcrop adjacent to St Johns Deanery.</p><br>
<p>The new building was considered a "landmark". It was of three storeys, brick on a stone base, which could support construction of a further three storeys if required; a two-storeyed brick section at the rear also appears to have been erected at his time. The new building accommodated the firms town office, a warehouse and a bond store, and in effect was the companys signature building. The main office was arranged on the "American "open" system" and was finished with Queensland timbers and tessellated floor tiles. On an upper floor a rest lounge with reading and cooking facilities was provided at the front of the building, overlooking Petries Bight, for the use of female staff members. A separate lunch room was provided for male staff, and another for the firms travelling salesmen.</p><br>
<p>The architect for the project, Thomas Ramsay Hall, had established his practice in Brisbane in 1907. His larger commissions had included the Sandgate Town Hall (1911-1912), the McDonnell & East department store on George Street (1911-1913), and work for the Catholic Church. In 1919 he took into partnership his former articled pupil, George Gray Prentice, and in that year their design for the new Brisbane City Hall (opened 1930) was accepted.</p><br>
<p>In the interwar years The Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan, Gray & Co. Brisbane Ltd expanded production significantly. The introduction of Castlemaine XXXX Bitter Ale in 1924 proved highly popular and became the basis for future brews; then in October 1928 the firm consolidated its position as a leading Queensland brewing company with the purchase of a controlling interest in Perkins & Co. Ltd, acquiring the Toowoomba maltings and brewery (established in 1866), sections of the City Brewery plant, the trade of 19 freehold hotels for a period of 25 years, and the trade of 50 leasehold hotels until each lease expired. As a result of the acquisition/merger, the name of the firm was changed to Castlemaine Perkins Ltd; the former Perkins City Brewery in Mary Street was closed and some of the plant taken to the Castlemaine Brewery on Milton Road; an extensive program of refurbishment of the Milton and Toowoomba breweries was commenced; 418-420 Adelaide Street was retained as the companys head office; and a new brick and concrete bulk store was erected at the rear of the Adelaide Street building in 1928-1929, at a cost of around £8,000.</p><br>
<p>The new bulk store was designed by Brisbane architects Addison and Macdonald, who undertook most of Castlemaine Perkins hotel refurbishments and brewery expansion work at this period. The principal contractor was GA Baumber, who had constructed the companys 1918-1919 building. The company&#39;s capital increased more than 13 times in the period 1919 to 1937. Despite the impact of the economic depression of the early 1930s, Castlemaine Perkins Ltd was able to consolidate its holdings, taking advantage of the slump in the property market to purchase further hotel freeholds and leaseholds.</p><br>
<p>After construction of bulk store in 1928-1929 further additions and alterations to 418-420 Adelaide Street were comparatively minor. Additional office fit-outs, designed by Addison and Macdonald, were made to the building and. In 1961 additional offices were erected on the third floor and a passenger lift was installed.</p><br>
<p>418-420 Adelaide Street remained the head office of Castlemaine Perkins Ltd until the early 1980s when a new office was constructed at the Castlemaine Brewery at Milton, severing Quinlan, Gray & Co.&#39;s connection of nearly 110 years with the Petrie Bight district. The Port of Brisbane had moved downstream and the Castlemaine Perkins building was one of many Petrie Bight warehouses that subsequently became redundant.</p><br>
<p>In 1980 Castlemaine Perkins Ltd and Tooheys Brewery in New South Wales merged to form Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd, which in turn was acquired by the Bond Corporation in 1985. Late in 1985 title to the former Castlemaine Perkins building at 418-420 Adelaide Street was transferred to film distributor Birch, Carroll & Coyle, which occupied the building as its Queensland headquarters until.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Castlemaine Perkins Building, a substantial brick and stone warehouse and office building of the early twentieth century, is located at the corner of Adelaide Street and Clark Lane on the northern periphery of Brisbanes central business district. It occupies a rectangular site cut into the hill below the St Johns Cathedral precinct.</p><br>
<p>The footprint of the building takes up most of the site, being constructed to the street alignments along Adelaide Street to the front and Clark Lane along the north-eastern side, and to the property boundary with Webber House at the rear. The south-western side is set back about one metre from the hill that rises to St John&#39;s Deanery to permit light and ventilation to the interior of the building. In plan the building sits about five metres from this side boundary. The front two-thirds of the building is three-storeyed with mostly load-bearing brick exterior walls resting on a substantial stone base, but incorporates elements of an earlier, two-storeyed stone warehouse at the corner of Clark Lane and Adelaide Street. The stone structure extends about two-thirds the depth of the site, but less than half the width, with the side and rear walls surviving within the later structure. The two stages of the building ( and 1918-1919) are delineated by separate gabled roofs, hidden behind a front brick parapet. These roofs are clad with corrugated metal sheeting. The north-east wall of the stone building, along Clark Lane, remains an exterior wall but has been rendered externally. A third floor in brick has been added to the stone structure.</p><br>
<p>The rear third of the site, where the land slopes up from Adelaide Street, is occupied by a two-storeyed brick and concrete section that appears to have been constructed in at least two stages (1918-1919 and 1928-1929). This has a gabled roof on the earliest section and a gambrel roof on the 1928-1929 section. Both roofs are clad with corrugated metal sheeting. The rear wall to the building may have been added as part of the 1928-1929 work.</p><br>
<p>The external south-west side wall is of unpainted, light-coloured mottled brick; the brickwork along the north-east side fronting Clark Lane has been painted; and the brickwork in the rear wall is of a light reddish unpainted brick.</p><br>
<p>The structure is unified by the 1918-1919 brick facade to Adelaide Street, designed in a free classical idiom. The face-brickwork in this front elevation is a mottled, deep red, broken by a rendered ashlar base with exaggerated keystones to the windows, a central vertical rendered ashlar bay and pediment, and a rendered cornice and parapet. The central pediment is decorated with a garland of vine leaves and bunches of grapes, symbolizing the business of the firm that commissioned the construction in 1918, and bears the date 1871 (the year in which Quinlan, Donnelly & Co. was formed). The original fenestration pattern remains intact. The lettering "Castlemaine Perkins Limited" can just be made out on the front parapet.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building is divided into a centrally positioned public access space toward the front of the building; large open areas formerly used as offices (in part early open plan) and warehousing; and rear storage and dispatch areas. The detailing in the public areas, especially the joinery, demonstrates a high level of design and craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>The centrally positioned entrance off Adelaide Street has a pair of painted, panelled timber doors opening directly from the street into a tiny entrance vestibule. This has a varnished, panelled timber ceiling and highly glazed early ceramic tiles lining the walls to door height. A fine varnished timber screen and double-leaf door with bevelled glass panels and carved timber wreaths separates the vestibule from the central foyer. Both sets of entrance doors have metal handles in Art Nouveau designs. Early marble steps lead up to a central foyer with later stone and tile flooring. Wide openings, one off each side of the foyer, have detailed timber architraves. The opening to the left leads up a couple of steps to the 1918 brick section; the opening at the right leads down a couple of steps, through a stone wall (formerly the south-west exterior wall of the building) to the earlier structure. The different floor levels reflect the slope of the land down toward the north-east corner of the site. At the end of the front foyer is the central public staircase, which accesses all three floors of the building. This has a well-detailed and crafted varnished timber balustrade with substantial timber newels.</p><br>
<p>Flooring throughout is of timber boards supported on a substantial framework of timber beams, joists and posts, all of which appear to be part of the 1918-1919 construction. The top floor is largely free of the internal timber posts that are a conspicuous feature of the lower levels. Here, the double-gabled timber roof structure is exposed. Ceilings throughout are unlined, exposing the floor framing to the spaces above.</p><br>
<p>On the ground and first floors there are recent openings in the stone wall that had previously divided the and 1918-1919 sections. Most of the stonework in this wall remains exposed; the side wall to Clark Lane and most of the rear wall of the building is rendered or painted. The interiors of all levels in the three-storeyed section are lit and ventilated via early windows in the front and side elevations. Window frames are mostly original, but there is later double glazing in the ground floor front windows to Adelaide Street.</p><br>
<p>Each floor of the three-storeyed section currently accommodates mostly open-plan offices. Some partition walls, exposed air conditioning ducts and an open staircase are later additions. Towards the rear of the stone building is a stairwell enclosing later steel stairs. An early brick elevator shaft is located towards the front of the building. Another elevator shaft appears to have been added at a later date. There is a concrete walk-in safe on the ground floor in the centre of the building, behind the front stairwell.</p><br>
<p>Due to the slope of the land the building becomes two-storeyed at the rear. Internal access to the ground floor of this section is via the first floor of the three-storeyed section. This rear area contains a two-storeyed brick building (1918-1919) along the south-west side of the site, extended in 1928-1929 in brick and concrete, to occupy the whole of the rear third of the site. The earlier section has a gabled roof clad with corrugated metal sheeting. The ground floor of this section retains a number of elements associated with its former function as a dispatch area - three large goods doors (two in timber and one of fire-proof steel construction) and front loading docks. Internally, concrete posts and steel beams supporting the floor above appear to be associated with the re-construction of the rear areas. Historical evidence suggests that the reconstruction involved an extension of the 1918 rear section to the rear boundary and removal of the upper level of its north-east brick side wall.</p><br>
<p>The loading area in front of the 1918 dispatch area is floored in concrete and enclosed with brick walls along the rear and side. Vehicle access is off Clark Lane. As in the earlier section, concrete posts and steel beams support the upper floor.</p><br>
<p>The upper levels of both rear sections now function as a single large open space. Walls in this space are exposed brick with a painted finish and floors have been lined with later sheeting. Ceilings are lined with a suspended ceiling system. Banks of steel-framed hopper windows remain, but in the rear wall have been bricked over externally.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the building was being used as offices for architectural and interior design firm Arkhefield.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Castlemaine Perkins Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 March 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>This three-storeyed brick warehouse and office building, erected in 1918-1919 with a 1928-1929 addition and incorporating a two-storeyed stone building within its structure, is associated with a major Queensland twentieth century brewer and wine and spirits dealer: The Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan, Gray & Co. Brisbane Ltd (Castlemaine Perkins Ltd from 1928). The location at the north-east end of Adelaide Street is important in demonstrating the development and consolidation of Petrie Bight as one of Queensland&#39;s principal warehousing and port districts prior to the move of the Port of Brisbane downstream.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Castlemaine Perkins Building is a substantial, well designed, substantially intact early twentieth century warehouse and office building important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type. These characteristics include:</p><br>
<p>the scale of the three-storeyed building, with a large two-storeyed section at the rear</p><br>
<p>the robust design and materials (including substantial hardwood posts, joists and roof structure)</p><br>
<p>the clear division of the building into public areas, warehousing and despatch sections</p><br>
<p>the decorative facade to Adelaide Street, creating a strong and aesthetically pleasing street presence and designed to impress</p><br>
<p>the use of symbolism associated with the business of the firm for which the building was commission in 1918 (a garland of vine leaves and bunches of grapes in the central pediment)</p><br>
<p>the use of detailed and finely crafted joinery in the public areas of the building (entrance vestibule, foyer, and front staircase)</p><br>
<p>the provision of natural lighting and ventilation to each level via windows to both side and front elevations.</p><br>
<p>The building is important as an excellent example of the early work of Brisbane architect TR Hall prior to his joining GG Prentice in partnership in 1919. The designer has skilfully utilised a substantial earlier stone structure within the 1918 brick structure.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building has aesthetic significance generated by the rhythm and detailing in the facade, including exaggerated keystones, decorative elements in the central bay and parapet, and the play of the brick against the render. Internally, the public spaces have finely detailed timber work.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building at 418-420 Adelaide Street is closely associated with the work of The Castlemaine Brewery and Quinlan, Gray and Co. Brisbane Ltd (later Castlemaine Perkins Ltd), a major Queensland brewing company. Designed as the firm&#39;s signature building, the front elevation incorporates symbolic elements in the facade associated with the work of the company.</p><br>
<p>Commonwealth Government Offices is a heritage-listed office building at 232 Adelaide Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Smith Murdoch and built from 1933 to 1936 by relief workers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building, the first offices owned by the Commonwealth Government in Brisbane, was erected from 1933 to 1936. It formed part of a 1920s to 1930s local, state and federal government re-development of the inner city Brisbane block bounded by Ann, Edward, Adelaide and Creek Streets, resulting in the construction of Anzac Square (1928–30) flanked by imposing State and Commonwealth Government Offices.</p><br>
<p>In the 1910s the Commonwealth Government had acquired the land between Ann and Adelaide Streets and fronting Creek Street, then occupied principally by commercial buildings, with the intention of erecting substantial Commonwealth offices on the site. There is some indication that this early scheme may have included the establishment of a public square opposite Central Railway Station.</p><br>
<p>A proposal was mooted in 1916 to develop a large memorial park and monument in the centre of Brisbane to commemorate Queensland sacrifice and participation in the Great War, and a committee was formed in 1919 to lobby for the creation of a commemorative square to occupy the whole of the land bounded by Ann, Edward, Adelaide and Creek Streets. Negotiations in the early 1920s between the Brisbane City Council (which wished to develop the park), the Queensland Government (which owned the southern part of the block) and Commonwealth Government (which owned the northern section) resulted in a smaller area determined for the park, which was to be flanked by similarly designed Commonwealth Government Offices to the north and State Government Offices to the south. In 1923 John Smith Murdoch, the Chief Architect of the Commonwealth Department of Home Affairs, prepared an overall design for the precinct, as well as designs for Commonwealth Government Offices on the north side of the proposed square.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1920s both the State and Commonwealth governments dedicated part of the block to become a public park under the control of the Brisbane City Council, and Anzac Memorial Park was developed on the site in 1928 to 1930.</p><br>
<p>In 1927 the Commonwealth Public Works Committee agreed to erect a seven-storey building to cover the whole of the remaining Commonwealth property between Adelaide and Ann Streets and fronting Creek Street. The existing buildings on the site were demolished in 1928, but the downturn in the economy delayed construction. In 1933 the State Government requested that building begin in order to provide work for the unemployed. Financial stringency called for the modification of the plans, and only two wings of the original design were built for a cost of £90,000. This work was completed in 1936, and provided 35,000 ft (3,252 m) of office space. With its restrained use of co-ordinated Classical detailing, the building complemented the adjacent Anzac Square and the State Government Offices. The State Government Offices are now known as the Anzac Square Building and were designed by the Queensland Government Architects Office in keeping with Murdochs overall scheme, and erected in stages between 1931 and 1960.</p><br>
<p>In 1968 the government abandoned the prescribed design for completion of the Commonwealth Government Offices and in 1972 instead erected a new 15 storey office block on the corner of Ann and Creek Streets. In the 1980s the exterior of the building was refurbished.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Commonwealth Government building, situated in Adelaide Street adjacent to Anzac Square, is a seven storeyed masonry building. It has a concrete encased steel frame with a polished granite base, sandstone cladding with banded rusticated coursing to second floor level, and upper levels of rendered brick imitating the stonework below.</p><br>
<p>The top storey is visually separated by balconies across its openings and a large projecting cornice incorporating dentil blocks. Antifixae are regularly spaced along the upper surface of the cornice. The recess between the wings facing Anzac Square extends down to the third floor level which has an arched opening and a flat roof. The lift tower situated at the back of the recess extends above the parapet line of the remainder of the building. It culminates in an archway with a keystone, and then steps inwards to a flat top.</p><br>
<p>The entry facade to Adelaide Street has its end window bays visually separated. Entries occur at the base of these bays, the major public entry on the right. Plain giant order pilasters occur to either side of the fourth and fifth floor windows of these bays. Cable moulding is a decorative feature of the facade around each entry. The windows are all steel framed casements. Granite steps lead to the recessed entry doors which are bronze sheeted with adjoining bronze and copper panelling. The entry screens are wrought iron.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor lobby is lined with imported marble while the floor is formed of black and white mosaic tiles. The upper level lobbies use terrazzo instead. Some of the moulded plaster ornamentation is visible at the tops of the columns, on the faces of the pilasters, and under the beams on the ground floor. The upper floors have drop panels on two sides of the columns and on the face of the pilasters. A timber Commonwealth crest has been installed between the doors of two of the refurbished lifts in the lobby.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Commonwealth Government Offices was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Commonwealth Government Offices is important in illustrating the expansion and centralisation of Commonwealth bureaucracy in Queensland in the early 20th century. As an integral part of the Anzac Square precinct re-development of the 1920s and 1930s, the place is important evidence of early co-operation and co-ordination between local, state and federal governments. Construction of the Commonwealth Government Offices is significant also as an important government job-creation scheme in Queensland during the 1930s depression.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Commonwealth Government Offices is an accomplished example of a 1930s Neo-classical government office building in Brisbane, and is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of its type.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Aesthetically, it is significant for its coherence in design, scale and materials with Anzac Square and the adjacent State Government Offices.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Commonwealth Government Offices is also significant as an example of the government work of distinguished architect JS Murdoch.</p><br>
<p>Anzac Square Building is a heritage-listed office building at 255A Ann Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Smith Murdoch and built from 1931 to 1959 by A H Mason. It is also known as Queensland Government Offices, State Government Offices, Adina Apartments Hotel, and Murdoch Apartments & Hotel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Queensland Government Offices were built in stages commencing in 1931 and completed by 1959. It forms an integral part of the design by John Smith Murdoch, Chief Architect of the Commonwealth, for the block bounded by Edward, Ann, Creek and Adelaide Streets and consisting of separate state and federal government offices flanking a memorial square.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of the Queensland Government Offices the site was occupied by the old Normal School, near the Edward and Adelaide Streets corner, and a fire station at the corner of Edward and Ann Streets. The land for the Normal School was originally granted in 1852 to the Board for National Education. Further grants were made to the Board of General Education in 1861. The Normal School opened in 1863. The school acquired more land along the Ann Street frontage in 1871 but in 1889 the allotment at the corner of Ann and Edward Streets was dedicated for a Fire Brigade Station Reserve. A fire station, designed by Henry Wallace Atkinson, was built in 1890.</p><br>
<p>The Commonwealth Government owned much of the remaining part of the block. Around 1910 it was investigating a proposal to create a square in front of the Central Railway Station that would serve as a fitting entrance to the city. The idea of a square dedicated to the memory of the Anzacs was first raised soon after the Gallipoli campaign in 1916. A committee was formed in 1919 by Lt Col Donald Charles Cameron to lobby for the creation of a commemorative square that would occupy the entire block. In 1921 the Commonwealth Standing Committee on Public Works decided to erect a National War Memorial as part of the redevelopment of the block.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 John Smith Murdoch proposed a layout for the block which included a central square flanked by rectangular office blocks of similar appearance. An alternative design was produced by the former Deputy Government Architect Lt Col T Pye later in the same year. This scheme, featuring a semicircular drive with triangular planned offices in the northern and western corners of the site, was sent to the federal government for consideration.</p><br>
<p>Murdoch subsequently sent three alternative designs to the Brisbane City Council and the State Public Works Department. One of these was adopted to coordinate the design of the block. Design guidelines were established allowing for the construction of seven storeyed buildings consisting of a two storeyed base faced in granite and sandstone and upper walls of brick or concrete rendered to imitate stone. Detailed design and documentation of the Queensland Government Offices was carried out by the Architectural Branch of the Queensland Public Works Department, in accordance with the guidelines, under the supervision of Andrew Baxter Leven. Elevations were designed to match the proposed Commonwealth Government Offices.</p><br>
<p>By 1928 land in the centre of the block, with frontages to Ann and Adelaide Streets of 228 feet, was dedicated for the purpose of public park under the control of Brisbane City Council. A national competition held in 1928 to design the Anzac memorial and square was won by Sydney architects Buchanan and Cowper. By 1929 the designs of Anzac Square and the Queensland Government Offices had been finalised. Anzac Square was opened in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The Normal School and adjacent Army Drill shed were demolished by 1930. The site was excavated at the corner of Edward and Adelaide Streets in preparation for the first stage of construction of the new Queensland Government Offices; Units 1 and 2. In the final design a two storeyed podium formed the base for six five storeyed towers connected by a corridor which wrapped around a central courtyard. Each tower block constituted a unit. Eighteen tenders were received on March 25, 1931 for the construction of Units 1, located in the centre of the Edward Street facade and Unit 2, on the Edward and Adelaide Streets corner.</p><br>
<p>The lowest tenderer, AH Mason with a price of £19,3844/13/-, was accepted on April 14, 1931. The contract time was two years. Emphasis was placed on the use, where possible, of local products in line with the government&#39;s "Queensland Made" policy. Timbers such as silky oak, Queensland satiny, rose walnut, yellow wood ash, rose mahogany, maple and walnut bean were incorporated into the designs for parquetry flooring and wall panelling in the various offices. Many of the public spaces were lined with marble supplied by the Ulam Quarries near Rockhampton. Services in the new building included lifts, intercommunicating telephone systems, pneumatic despatch tube system, mechanical ventilation and vacuum-cleaning system. Units 1 and 2 were occupied by the Public Curator and the State Government Insurance Office in June 1933.</p><br>
<p>Construction of Unit 3 commenced in 1934, using day labour, and was finished by 1937. The design took advantage of the street frontages in Units 1, 2 and 3 by including small shops and an arcade on the ground floors of the Edward and Adelaide Street elevations (now known as ANZAC Square Arcade).</p><br>
<p>During 1940/41 approval was given to proceed with the construction of the fourth unit. This unit, located in the centre of the Anzac Square frontage, was to accommodate the Titles Office, Stamp Duties Office, State Advances Corporation and Bureau of Rural Development. Despite a pressing need for office accommodation, work was stopped due to war induced shortages of materials, especially steel. In 1944 the exposed steel frame was encased in concrete and a concrete floor was poured to provide weather protection for the frame. Construction proceeded slowly and Unit 4 was not finished and fully occupied until 1948.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called during 1948 for the final stage of the building, Units 5 and 6 on Ann Street. The contract was let but it was not expected to be finished for two years due to shortages. The fire station was demolished in 1950 and the site excavated. Work halted in 1952 due to restrictions of Loans Funds. Building recommenced in 1954 and was completed by 1960.</p><br>
<p>Work on the Commonwealth offices commenced in 1934 and 2 units were completed and occupied by 1936. No more work was done on the project. In 1968 at the request of the Commonwealth government both the State Government and the Brisbane City Council, as trustee of the square, agreed to abandon the design covenants governing the block and a fifteen storey office building was constructed on the corner of Creek and Ann Streets.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s a number of redevelopment schemes were proposed by the Brisbane City Council for Anzac Square but were not built. The Queensland Government Offices underwent a major refurbishment in the early 1980s when many of the original interior fittings, including the timber paneling and flooring, were removed or concealed. In the mid 1980s raised walkways were constructed across Anzac Square which partly obscure the view of the adjoining facade of the Queensland Government Offices.</p><br>
<p>A private consortium redeveloped the Anzac Square Building to convert it to a more mixed use with:</p><br>
<p>41 residential apartments</p><br>
<p>five floors of office space</p><br>
<p>an apartment hotel with 135 rooms</p><br>
<p>a shopping arcade with 35 shops (known as Anzac Square Arcade)</p><br>
<p>The redevelopment won numerous awards for urban renewal and refurbishment.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Queensland Government Offices is a seven storeyed masonry and steel structure containing offices and ground level shops. Situated at the south western end of the block bounded by Ann, Edward, Adelaide and Creek Streets, the building forms an integral part of a design which includes a memorial square and offices for the Commonwealth Government. The square is part of a larger open space which links the Central Railway Station and the GPO.</p><br>
<p>The building consists of the repetition of six units of similar design around a central courtyard. The lower two storeys form a podium built to the property alignment. The podium is faced in Helidon sandstone with a granite base. The five upper levels are divided into six towers each separated from the next by deep recessed bays which act as light courts. The external brick walls of the upper levels are channelled and rendered to resemble the banded sandstone of the podium. The steel frame of the building supports the walls which are not loadbearing.</p><br>
<p>The building has repetitive facades which are articulated vertically and horizontally. Vertically they are divided into base, middle and top. Horizontally the longer Edward Street and Anzac Square facades are divided into three by the recesses which form light courts while the Adelaide and Ann Street facades are divided into two. Towers located at the rear of the light recesses protrude above the general parapet level. The composition of the facades is emphasised by the restrained use of classical detail. A moulded projection marks the junction between podium and middle levels. The upper level features classical balustrading and cornice. The middle and upper levels are a lighter colour than the base with the exception of the spandrel panels under the windows. The darker colour and slight recessing of the spandrel panels causes the spaces between the windows to appear as simplified pilasters.</p><br>
<p>Wrapping around two thirds of the Edward Street and all of the Adelaide Street facades is a steel framed copper sheeted awning. The awning steps down the Edward Street elevation following the slope of the pavement. It is supported on metal tie rods and has pressed decoration including a coffered ceiling, rosettes and acanthus leaf friezes.</p><br>
<p>In the centre of the Edward Street facade on the street level is a shopping arcade which is also an entrance to the building. The arcade has mosaic tiled floor with patterned border, a coffered plaster ceiling and timber and glass shop fronts. Two more entrances are located on this elevation. Double timber doors, positioned below the recesses between each unit, open onto long corridors leading to small lift foyers.</p><br>
<p>A vehicle entrance with ornamental cast iron gates is located on the ground level of the Adelaide Street facade. It leads to the central courtyard. Flanking this entrance are two pedestrian entrances which lead via corridors to lift foyers. The main foyer space in the building is on the northern side of the vehicular access and features a grand staircase leading to the first floor level. Most of the remainder of the Adelaide and Edward Street facades at ground level is occupied by shops. Original shop fronts have plate glass windows with copper clad glazing bars and timber panelling.</p><br>
<p>There are two entrances from Anzac Square. These are similar to the entrances from Edward Street and are located between each unit.</p><br>
<p>The site originally sloped steeply from Ann Street down to Adelaide Street and was excavated to create a flat platform. The Ann Street facade is five storeys, with a further two storeys and a mezzanine located below pavement level. In the centre of this facade is a prominent arched portal. This entrance is faced in smooth sandstone and its simplified modern design, without mouldings or banding, contrasts with the external finishes of the remainder of the building.</p><br>
<p>All of the building&#39;s entrances lead to the middle of the building where they are connected by a main corridor which wraps around the central courtyard. Vertical circulation is via stairs and lifts along the main corridor.</p><br>
<p>Although most of the office spaces have been altered since construction, the public spaces of the building retain their original finishes. These interiors are enriched by the use of simplified classically derived ornament and richly patterned materials. The foyers and hallways on the lower levels feature marble panelling on the walls, and black and white mosaic tiles on the floors with black marble skirtings. Staircases, columns and pilasters are also of marble. On the upper levels terrazzo is used instead of marble. The staircases have cast iron balustrades with timber handrails and marble or terrazzo treads. Steel casement windows are used throughout with the exception of Units 3 and 4 which have timber casements. Internal walls are generally double brick with a rendered finish. The former caretakers flat located on the roof is of lightweight construction with a corrugated iron roof.</p><br>
<p>The external walls of the central courtyard are rendered and painted. At each level above the ground are two concrete balconies with simple metal handrails which cantilever into the courtyard.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Anzac Square Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is an integral part of a larger design, the conception and execution of which involved the cooperative efforts of three tiers of government.</p><br>
<p>The building is representative of the policies and priorities of the Queensland Government of the 1920s and 1930s, having a strong association with the "Queensland Made" ethic and daylabouring employment schemes. Its long period of construction demonstrates the commitment of successive state governments to the completion of an ambitious and unified undertaking. The staging of the construction is evident in the form of the building, clearly divided into six units.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Anzac Square and the adjoining Queensland and Commonwealth Government Offices constitutes the most important Queensland example of the Anzac memorial movement and shows the extent of the monumentalism of this national building program. The architecture of this group demonstrates the formality and solemnity deemed necessary to commemorate the sacrifice of Australian soldiers in war. This aesthetic, drawn from the western classical tradition, was considered consistent with the expression of the functions of government.</p><br>
<p>It is a prominent example of large public building designed in the 1920s, which has been in continuing use as shops and government offices since construction.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building, through its restrained style, imposing bulk, symmetrical composition and judicious use of classical detail, is consistent with and contributes to the aesthetic qualities of Anzac square and the Commonwealth Government Offices.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is a major example of the work of the nationally important architect John Smith Murdoch and an example of the high quality of design and construction achieved by the Queensland Works Department under Andrew Baxter Leven, especially the external facades and the internal public spaces which have been little altered since first built.</p><br>
<p>Charlotte House is a heritage-listed warehouse at 139–145 Charlotte Street, Brisbane CBD, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Joseph Lough and built from 1888 to 1889 by James Baker. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This four storeyed warehouse was erected in 1888-89. Built for Wallace Warren & Co, merchants, importers, bonded warehousemen and shipping agents, Charlotte House was designed by John Joseph Lough. In the early 1880s, Lough had been in partnership with Benjamin Backhouse in Sydney and his unusual choice of Greek and Egyptian motifs for the building reflects similar work by Backhouse in Sydney on a warehouse for Dalton Brothers in the late 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The construction of this warehouse in Charlotte Street reflected the emergence of the immediate area as a warehousing precinct. Formerly known as Frog&#39;s Hollow, by the late 1880s, the area was dominated by warehouses and also industrial buildings.</p><br>
<p>Between 1889 and 1894, Wallace Warren & Co operated their business from the building but following the depression of the early 1890s, they were declared bankrupt in 1894. The new owners, the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, leased the building to various tenants including Crescent Packing Co which processed and packaged coffee and spice bags there, box manufacturers Joyce Brothers, and Cecil Edgar Babbidge, a printer and stereotyper. Between 1911 and 1919 the prominent Sydney-based tea merchants, Inglis Ltd, distributors of the Billy Tea brand, occupied part of the building. Their distinctive sign covered the entire length of the southern wall.</p><br>
<p>From 1912 to 1963 the building was owned by the ironmongers Robertson Tait & Co then by its successor Wilson Tait, wholesale hardware merchants.</p><br>
<p>The new owners in 1963, Charlotte House Pty Ltd, carried out extensive internal alterations in 1964. Currently, the building is occupied by a variety of commercial tenants.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This timber frame, brick and cement render warehouse with four storeys and basement stands in Charlotte Street. At the north-eastern end of the building a highly differentiated bay marks a carriage entrance.</p><br>
<p>Large pilasters separate six window openings and the carriageway bay. Three of these pilasters mark the ends of the building and the carriageway bay and are distinguished, by greater ornamentation, from the five "minor" pilasters. At basement and ground floors, the pilasters are fluted whilst those at the upper levels carry a Greek linear pattern.</p><br>
<p>Two protruding string courses, one above the ground floor and another above the second floor, define the three sections of the building. The underside of the upper string course carries a row of fine dentils and an inscribed Greek pattern. Fluted brackets mark the ends of the building and the carriageway bay which is further distinguished by a richly moulded pediment above the first string course. Above the minor pilasters of the upper floor the painted lettering "Charlotte House" is surmounted by a moulded cornice. The major pilasters extend to deeply fluted brackets and at the roof line, another pediment marked "1886" distinguishes the carriageway bay. The point of this pediment and the line of each of the eight pilasters is accented on the roof by acroteria.</p><br>
<p>Behind the building is a two-storey brick store which was constructed as part of the original project.</p><br>
<p>While substantial internal alterations were carried out on the building in 1964, both the structure and the facade remain intact. The timber framing, floor joists and herringbone strutting are evident on the underside of the first floor carriageway.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Charlotte House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Charlotte House is significant as it provides evidence of the emergence of the Frogs Hollow area as a warehousing precinct. The building remains as a reminder of this previous function of the area.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Charlotte House is significant as a rare and good example of a late nineteenth century warehouse, with an intact facade which incorporates Greek and Egyptian motifs.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Charlotte House is significant as a rare and good example of a late nineteenth century warehouse, with an intact facade which incorporates Greek and Egyptian motifs.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Charlotte House is significant as a rare and good example of a late nineteenth century warehouse, with an intact facade which incorporates Greek and Egyptian motifs.</p><br>
<p>The Schareck, a mountain with a height of, lies in the Goldberg Group of the High Tauern in Austria.</p><br>
<h2>Location and landscape</h2><br>
<p>The summit is located on the main chain of the Alps, exactly on the border between the states of Carinthia and Salzburg, ca. 4.8 km as the crow flies east-southeast of the Hoher Sonnblick. The Schareck is the second highest summit in the Goldberg range after the Hocharn. Southwest of the summit is the glacier of Wurtenkees and the ski region of Mölltaler Gletscher. Below the mountain is the Hochwurtenspeicher reservoir of the Fragant power station complex. To the north, another glacier, the Schareckkees, reaches to just below the top.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the opening of the ski region with its lift systems, ascending the Schareck from the south has virtually no climbing merit any longer.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>From the south: from the top station of the highest chair lift it takes a few minutes to reach the summit</p><br>
<p>The so-called Pröll Way (Pröll-Weg), which is waymarked, offers an attractive climb from the northwest to the top. It runs from the Niedersachsenhaus along a sweeping mountain ridge or arête to the summit. This route, which crosses the Neuner Kogel (2,827 m) and the Herzog Ernst (2,933 m), is relatively easy to negotiate in dry and snow-free conditions albeit sure-footedness and a head for heights are required. There is one climbing section secured with footpegs (Trittstiften).</p><br>
<p>From Schutzhaus Neubau (Raurisertal/Kolm Saigurn) is a straightforward climb via the Tauerngold Erlebnisweg to the col of Fraganter Scharte and then onto the Herzog Ernst Spitze (2,933 m) taking ca. 2½ hours (path no. 119). From there one can reach the top of the Schareck in ca. 1 hour. The path is exposed in places (path no. 120).</p><br>
<p>From the northeast: from Sportgastein on the Neuwirt-Steig - Aperes Schareck - Schareckkees (crevasse-risk)</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Liselotte Buchenauer, Peter Holl: Ankogel- und Goldberggruppe, Alpine Club Guide, Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club map Sheet 42, 1:25,000 series, Sonnblick</p><br>
<p>Naval Offices is a heritage-listed office building at 3 Edward Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works and built from 1900 to 1901 by J Mason. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 March 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The brick former Naval Offices at 3 Edward Street in Brisbane was constructed in 1900–01 by the Queensland Department of Public Works as the first purpose-built headquarters for naval forces in Queensland. Built for the Queensland Marine Defence Force (QMDF), it was soon used by the Australian Commonwealth Navy (ACN). It was transferred to Commonwealth ownership in 1911 and was used by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).</p><br>
<p>The former Naval Offices is located midway along the Town Reach (Petrie Bight to Gardens Point) of the Brisbane River, within a block bounded by Margaret, Edward and Alice streets and the river. Over time this area was used by a number of Queensland Government entities dedicated to commercial shipping, including: the Government Shipping Office, Port Office, Marine Board Office, Harbours and Rivers Department, Hydraulic Engineers and Shipping Masters departments, Marine Department and the Government Seamens Saving Bank. A Reserve for the Harbour Master&#39;s Department of 1 rood and 30 perches (1,771 square metres) was surveyed in 1862 between the corner of Alice and Edward streets and the river, and a stone and brick building was erected that year. Later known as the (first) Port Office, it included offices on the ground floor and store rooms and a boatshed underneath. Prior to this date the Harbour Master was based in George Street.</p><br>
<p>Military use of the immediate area started c.1886, when the QMDF occupied the 1862 Port Office. The QMDF was created in 1885 in response to fears that Queenslands coastal settlements were vulnerable to Russian warships. In the late 1870s tensions between Britain and Russia had raised concerns regarding the defence of Britains overseas colonies. Colonel Sir William Jervois of the Royal Engineers, assisted by Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Scratchley, toured the Australian colonies to make recommendations for defence arrangements and the pair visited Queensland in August 1877. To deal with the perceived Russian naval threat to Brisbane they recommended using small naval vessels to disrupt enemy landings, a coastal fort with submarine mines across the river at Lytton, and a mobile field force of infantry and engineers with artillery. A Naval Brigade and a Torpedo Corps was also required. When the Defence Act 1884 was gazetted on 25 February 1885, the existing Queensland Volunteer Force (land forces) became the Queensland Defence Force (QDF). The Queensland Defence (Marine) Force was gazetted on 3 March 1885.</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant Walton Drake had taken command of the Naval Brigade from 1 January 1885, tasked with training volunteers. Two 50-strong companies of Brisbane naval volunteers were announced that month and additional naval brigades were later formed at other Queensland ports, including Townsville, Rockhampton, Maryborough, Cairns, Cooktown, Bundaberg, Thursday Island and Mackay.</p><br>
<p>Naval vessels were also ordered as part of the proposed plan to defend Queensland. The first vessel of Queensland&#39;s new navy to be delivered was the steel, second-class spar torpedo boat "Mosquito", which arrived as deck cargo in Brisbane in October 1884. Prior to this the closest thing that Queensland had to a naval vessel was the Queensland Government schooner "Pearl", which conducted survey work and guarded the pearling fisheries in northern Queensland waters.</p><br>
<p>The main strength of the QMDF, the sister Alpha class gunboats "Gayundah" (meaning Thunder) and "Paluma" (Lightning), ordered from Britain in 1883 and launched in 1884, arrived in March 1885 and May 1885 respectively.</p><br>
<p>The "Gayundah" sailed to Queensland under Commander (later Captain) Henry Townley Wright, a retired Royal Navy officer. Wright was appointed as Senior Naval Officer (SNO) and Superintendent of the QMDF on 30 March 1885, as well as remaining in command of the "Gayundah". Those of the crew who elected to remain in Queensland&#39;s service became the first permanent members of the QMDF. The "Gayundah" was used to train QMDF seamen, while the "Paluma" was used on survey work by the British Admiralty until being handed back to Queensland in 1895. The last regular vessel of the QMDF was the "Midge", a mahogany timber picquet boat/spar torpedo boat, which arrived in 1888.</p><br>
<p>Auxiliary vessels in the QMDF included a locally-built steamer "Miner", and the government steamer "Otter". Five steam hopper barges of the Harbours and Rivers Department (Queensland Maritime Defence Force Auxiliary Gunboats), the "Bonito", "Stingaree", "Dolphin", "Bream" and "Pumba", could also be armed if required for port defence.</p><br>
<p>A Permanent Force, HMQS Gayundah, QDF (Marine), was established in February 1892, but most of its full-time crew were paid off in 1893 as part of cutbacks during the 1890s depression, as was the Palumas&#39; crew after the ship had completed its survey work. For most of the 1890s the gunboats were used by naval brigade crews solely for training.</p><br>
<p>In and near Brisbane, a number of buildings were erected for the QMDF. The Naval Stores (Naval Stores, Kangaroo Point) and a wharf were built at the base of the Kangaroo Point cliffs in 1886–87, across the river from the QMDF headquarters on Edward Street. A sub-marine mining (naval mine) store was erected c.1886 at Fort Lytton (Fort Lytton National Park), and a sub-marine mining drill hall was later built at the west end of Alice Street in 1900.</p><br>
<p>By 1896, the old Port Office used by the QMDF was in a poor state and the foundations, inundated during the 1893 floods, were settling and causing wall cracks. On 1 August 1899 the QMDF&#39;s Staff Paymaster, Edward Vincent Pollock, also complained that the roof was leaking water onto his paperwork. Later that month £1500 was allocated by the Department of Public Works for the construction of new offices.</p><br>
<p>In May 1900 it was decided by Queenslands new Naval Commandant, Captain William Rooke Creswell, that the new offices would replace the cottage of the Marine Departments messenger/caretaker at the corner of Edward and Alice Streets. Tenders were invited in late August and the cottage was demolished.</p><br>
<p>Plans for the new Naval Offices were approved by AB Brady, the Government Architect within the Department of Public Works (DPW), on 14 September 1900, but since he was trained as an engineer it is unlikely to be his design. The DPW employed a number of accomplished architects at this time and the work could be attributed to Thomas Pye (First Assistant Architect from July 1899), John Smith Murdoch (Second Assistant Architect from 1 July 1899), or George David Payne (Temporary Draughtsman 1898–1901). Pye supervised larger works, while Murdoch took charge of the designing and drafting staff.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Public Works was involved in the design and construction of Queensland&#39;s most important buildings and capital works following its formation in 1866. Employing a succession of highly talented architects, the Department produced many fine buildings of high architectural merit. Prior to World War II these buildings were characterised by: highly-functional, rational plan arrangements that were commodious and accommodating; use of high- quality, durable materials, preferably sourced from Queensland; and a quality of civic dignity brought about through style, scaling, and form.</p><br>
<p>The tender of James Mason of Brisbane of £1845/17/6 for the Brisbane Naval Offices was accepted in October 1900, and the building was completed by late June 1901. "The Queenslander" reported on 16 November 1901 that the building&#39;s facing bricks were dark-brown, relieved with cement dressings and rough-cast work. The roof was covered with rolled galvanised iron. The Annual Report for DPW to 30 June 1901 (where the Naval Offices was listed under principal works completed during the year) mentioned internal fittings of pine and cedar. No other Australian colony built naval offices in this period, just prior to Federation and the transfer of defence assets. Queensland may have done so to ensure the continued use of Brisbane by the Commonwealth Navy.</p><br>
<p>As a naval headquarters, the building was designed with spaces for the senior naval officers and their administrative staff, along with a strong room for the Staff Paymaster. The original ground floor plan included an entry porch off Edward Street, with double doors leading north-west into a public space which was separated by a counter from the Clerks office. There was also a set of double doors leading north-east into a vestibule between the front offices, and onwards into a central hall. To the rear of the Clerks Office was the Paymaster&#39;s Office, which included a projecting strong room at the rear of the building. The right front (southern) office was for the Commandant, while the right rear (eastern) office was for the Officer of the Naval Corps. Each had a fireplace.</p><br>
<p>Behind the Naval Corp&#39;s office was the separate Brigade Entrance. From this entrance the ground floor rear verandah could be accessed, as well as a stairway up to a landing from which people could either descend to the ground floor offices, or continue up to the first floor. The latter was a large open space used as an Orderly (Administrative) Room, with four fireplaces and a small lavatory and store at the right rear (eastern) corner. This space may have been later partitioned for sleeping quarters and offices. The 1900 plans do not show the ventilation fleche which was present on the roof when the building was finished. This fleche was removed by the mid 1980s, and was replicated in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Although the QMDF existed when the building was started, the first occupants were technically the Queensland components of a Commonwealth Navy. After the Australian Commonwealth was formed on 1 January 1901 the defence forces of the separate colonies were transferred to the new Federal Government in March. However, procedural delays meant arrangements were not completed until 1902.</p><br>
<p>At the time of Federation, Queenslands naval forces numbered 750 men of all ranks, and it was one of four states (including Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia) to contribute ships to the Australian Commonwealth Naval Force (ACNF), formed on 1 March 1901 – handing over the "Gayundah", "Paluma", "Mosquito" and "Midge". Captain Creswell remained the Commandant of the Queensland-based flotilla of the ACN. In late 1904 Captain Creswell was appointed Director of Commonwealth Naval Forces, and his place as Queensland Naval Commandant was taken by Captain Frederick Tickell (to 1907). By 1904, 49% of Australias serving naval officers had served in the QMDF.</p><br>
<p>Captain Creswell was a major advocate for an independent Australian navy. Australia had been a separate British Naval Station since 1859 and a squadron of the Royal Navy was maintained in Australian waters until 1913. After March 1901 the Royal Navy was still paid to provide blue water defence (a force projection capability beyond coastal defence), but Captain Creswell lobbied for an autonomous Australian blue water navy. The 1909 Imperial Conference agreed to form an Australian fleet, and the first ships of this fleet, the destroyers "Yarra" and "Parramatta", reached Australia in 1910. On 10 July 1911 King George V granted the title "Royal Australian Navy" to the ACN and in October 1913 formal control of these units was transferred to the Commonwealth Naval Board. Meanwhile, in 1911 district naval officers were appointed around Australia to replace the naval commandants.</p><br>
<p>Although the Commonwealth took control of Queensland&#39;s naval forces in 1901, the Naval Offices was not transferred to Commonwealth ownership until 1911. The state Department of Public Works was still maintaining the building in 1910 and it was still in Queensland ownership in June 1911.</p><br>
<p>A number of alterations were made to the Naval Offices during Commonwealth ownership. February 1933 plans included the addition of a first floor rear verandah with an enclosed laundry and new stairs from the side yard. At the same time the first floor was converted into a residence for the Senior Naval Officer, and the large space was partitioned into domestic rooms. The internal stairway from the main ground floor hall was removed, so the upstairs residence could only be accessed from the old Brigade Entrance or the new rear verandah. Two sets of French doors plus a single door were installed between the verandah and the residence. A "typiste" (typists) room was added to the north-west end of the original ground floor rear verandah, and a new lavatory was added behind the strong room. Further additions in late 1939 resulted in a new office, lavatory and water closet (WC) being built behind the strong room, replacing the 1933 lavatory. Two other WCs were also built sometime between 1933 and 1939 on and adjacent to the rear verandah.</p><br>
<p>After Japan entered World War II in December 1941, Brisbane became an important supply and command centre and the resulting expansion of the Allied naval presence in the city meant larger Naval Staff Offices were urgently required. During 1942–43 commercial buildings in Queen Street were requisitioned and occupied by the Australian and United States navies. Although the Operational Staff of the RAN&#39;s Naval Officer in Charge (NOIC), Queensland, was based in Queen Street, the District Naval Officer, Queensland, remained at the Edward Street Naval Offices with the Civil Secretariat and Accounts staffs. Other wartime RAN facilities in Brisbane were located at Colmslie and New Farm. The Smellie and Co. warehouse (Old Mineral House) opposite the Naval Offices was used by the US Red Cross before becoming an Australian Comforts Fund hostel for the Royal Navy in 1945.</p><br>
<p>Further alterations were made to accommodate the extra staff at the Naval Offices. In 1944 a two-storey timber office extension was added behind the existing verandahs, the verandahs were enclosed as offices, and toilet arrangements were reconfigured. The stairway to the first floor 1933 verandah was removed, as was the first floor verandah laundry. The original steps up to the rear yard from Alice Street were removed and replaced with steps that climbed south-west to the side yard.</p><br>
<p>By 1977 the former Naval Offices was vacant, its functions having been transferred to HMAS Moreton at New Farm (naval base, closed 1994). The Edward Street site was surplus to Commonwealth requirements but, as it was included on the Register of the National Estate by this time, a decision was made to lease the property for 99 years rather than sell it. This enabled conditions protecting the heritage values of the original section of the former Naval Offices to be written into the lease. The building was leased to Jakuma Limited in November 1981. The lease was transferred to Historic Holdings Pty Ltd in 1987, and to HSH Hotels (Australia) Limited in 2000.</p><br>
<p>From 1982 the former Naval Offices was used as Muddies Seafood Restaurant, and alterations were made including removing walls between the ground floor offices, constructing a new stair in the ground floor hall, removing internal partitions in the rear timber extensions on both levels, a new kitchen fit-out on the first floor, and adding a fire escape stair to the rear.</p><br>
<p>After the restaurant closed in 1989, the building was vacant for a period before being refurbished in the early 1990s. This refurbishment was designed by Bruce Buchanan Architects and saw the restoration of lost or obscured significant fabric. The 1944 office extensions to the rear of the building were demolished and the rear verandah was reconstructed. The ground floor toilets were upgraded, partitions were reinstated between the offices on the ground floor, and the first floor partitions were removed to make one large space. At some time after this work the first floor was again partitioned into rooms although these walls do not reach the ceiling. A new kitchenette was built at the rear eastern corner of the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Behind the former Naval Offices, the Stamford Hotel, a large multi-storey building, was constructed in 1990 and a boardwalk was built behind the former Naval Offices along the river edge. However, a visual connection between the former Naval Offices and the river was maintained. The flagpole at the front of the building is not an original feature, but was there by World War II; while the four flagpoles located near the rear northern corner of the building date from between 1974 and 1991. The building was returned to Queensland State Government ownership in 2011, and in 2012 the ground floor was occupied by a florist, while an architectural firm and a property developer sub-leased the first floor.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Naval Offices is a two-storey brick building on the corner of Edward and Alice streets, Brisbane, adjacent to and overlooking the Brisbane River. The building occupies the majority of the allotment with a small yard behind. Primary entrance is from Edward Street with a secondary entrance from the Alice Street road reserve.</p><br>
<p>The building is of load-bearing brick construction with timber floor and roof structure. A two-storey timber verandah at the rear overlooks the yard to the river and is not of cultural heritage significance. The building elevations are face brick in English bond, with the upper level finished in stucco with face brick quoining to the corners and around windows. The bricks are deep red with contrasting pale grey tuck pointing. Windows are large and rectangular with brick lintels and timber-framed, double-hung sashes with slender, moulded-timber glazing bars. There is one circular window on the upper level of the Alice Street side closest to the river. The hipped roof overhangs the upper floor, has bracketed timber eaves and is clad with roll and pan metal sheet. There is a central metal octagonal ventilation fleche on the ridge and two tall chimneys flank the sides of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building is two-storey with an asymmetrical, single-storey projection to Edward Street accommodating the entry portico and former public reception area. The building is notable for its Arts and Crafts decorative treatments including: extensive use of high-quality, tuck pointed face brickwork and stucco; rendered dressings; tall decorative brickwork chimneys with chimney pots; decorative eaves brackets; a prominent semi-circular window flanked by horizontal bands of render; and rusticated Tuscan order columns and a curved pediment with a sculpted naval coat of arms to the portico.</p><br>
<p>A decorative wrought iron gate opens to the entry portico where the floor is finished with tessellated encaustic tiles with slate thresholds and the ceiling is v-jointed timber boards. There are two adjacent entry doors from the porch; both are timber double doors with leaded fanlights. The larger door opens into the hall via a small foyer and the smaller door into the front room which is divided into two parts by a large arched opening.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor plan is organised around a central stair hall running front to back with two main rooms on either side. The ground floor has vinyl-covered, timber floors; plaster walls; moulded timber skirtings, architraves and cornices; and v-jointed timber board ceilings with decorative timber fretwork vents. Floor-to-ceiling height on the ground floor is 3.6m. The main rooms have a fireplace each with a simple moulded plaster surround and mantle, and a decorative cast-iron firebox. The rear northern room has a strong room with a heavy iron door. The doors into the four rooms are varnished timber with moulded panels and rectangular glazed fanlights. The ground floor offices are numbered 1 to 4, and the interior double doors to the foyer carry the words "Commonwealth of Australia Naval Office" on the glass.</p><br>
<p>A large plaster royal coat of arms is positioned above the doors of the small entry foyer. The timber half-turn stair has a decorative timber balustrade and a small cleaner&#39;s cupboard with sink is underneath.</p><br>
<p>The rear verandah of the ground floor leads to male and female toilets (1991) that are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. A rear yard has an enclosure for mechanical equipment and a garden with trees and shrubs – the vegetation is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. Four flagpoles are located at the northern rear corner of the building and are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>On the Alice Street side concrete stairs lead into a narrow side yard enclosed by a short, brick and timber fence. This yard wraps around the building along this side to meet the front porch on Edward Street. The Alice Street entrance door is timber v-jointed boards, ledged and braced, with a rectangular fanlight. The threshold is a single, large slate. This door opens to a small hall and stair up to the landing of the main stair which rises to the first floor. French doors open into the stair landing from the first floor rear verandah at a height above floor level, indicating a previous floor and stair configuration.</p><br>
<p>The first floor has carpet covered timber floors, plaster walls, simple timber skirtings and cornices, moulded timber architraves, and a ripple iron ceiling with metal ventilation panels. The floor is divided by timber partitions that are not full height. A layout of previous partitions is visible on the ceiling. There are four non- functional fireplaces without mantle or firebox. A rear room contains a kitchen. Timber-framed, glazed French doors and a clear-finished panelled timber door open onto the rear verandah from the rear rooms of the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The former Naval Offices is a small building within a streetscape of larger structures featuring other late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century masonry buildings including the former Port Office, Old Mineral House (Smellie & Co. warehouse), Smellie&#39;s Building, and the Port Office Hotel and is adjacent to the entrance gates of the City Botanic Gardens. The building is visible from the Brisbane River and there is a sight line from the former Naval Offices to the former Naval Stores at Kangaroo Point across the river.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Naval Offices was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 March 2013 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The 1901 former Naval Offices, Brisbane, is important surviving evidence of the existence of the Queensland Marine Defence Force (QMDF, established 1885) and the later policy of basing Australian naval vessels in Queensland. Although the QMDF ceased to exist soon after the building was finished, it was used by the Australian Commonwealth Navy (ACN) and then the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Constructed by the Queensland Government as the first purpose-built headquarters for naval forces in Queensland, the former Naval Offices illustrates the importance placed on the naval defence of Queensland at the time of Federation.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The intact and distinctive former Naval Offices is unique as the only naval headquarters building constructed by the Queensland government.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Naval Offices is a fine example of the well-designed buildings constructed by the Queensland Department of Public Works. The building has a highly-functional, rational plan; is well constructed using high-quality, durable materials sourced from Queensland; and has a quality of civic dignity achieved through style, scaling, and form.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a naval office. In particular its internal layout illustrates its former naval administrative use, with a separate front entrance for the public and a side entrance for the Naval Brigade leading to the first floor, separate offices on the ground floor, and a strong room.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former Naval Offices is important for its aesthetic significance through an accomplished use of Arts and Crafts decorative treatments. These include: an asymmetrical composition; extensive use of high-quality, tuck-pointed face brickwork and stucco; rendered dressings; tall chimneys with decorative chimney pots; decorative eaves with brackets; circular accents; contrasting earthy colours and textures; a conspicuous use of hand-crafted ornamentation; ornate decorative features of the portico including rusticated Tuscan order columns and a curved pediment with a sculpted naval coat of arms.</p><br>
<p>As a finely crafted, small-scale building, the former Naval Offices makes an important contribution to the streetscape of the Lower Edward Street precinct of late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings including the Port Office, Smellie & Co. warehouse (Old Mineral House), Smellie&#39;s Building and the Port Office Hotel; as well as the City Botanic Gardens.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Naval Offices has a long-standing and important historical association with the naval forces of Queensland and Australia, being built for the QMDF before being used by the Queensland flotilla of the ACN, and later the RAN, between 1901 and the mid 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Davidson Historic District is a national historic district located at Davidson, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 394 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 2 contributing structures in the central business district and surrounding residential neighborhoods of Davidson and campus of Davidson College. It was developed after 1837 and includes notable examples of Italianate, Greek Revival, and Gothic Revival style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Eumenean Hall and Philanthropic Hall. Other notable buildings include the Maxwell Chambers Building, Jackson Row , Helper Hotel , Johnston Grocery Store , Southern Railway Depot , Linden Cotton Factory , Delburg Cotton Mills , Davidson United Methodist Church , Davidson College Presbyterian Church , and Carnegie Library .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Mawdesley Hall is a country house in New Street, Mawdesley, Chorley, Lancashire, England. It consists of a central hall with two cross-wings. The central hall was built in the 17th century, its lower storey being timber-framed and its upper floor plastered and painted to resemble timber-framing. The cross-wings were added in the late 18th or early 19th century. The west wing is in sandstone, and the east wing is in brick with stone dressings. The hall is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>Associated with the hall are two Grade II listed buildings. Leading up to the garden of the hall is a flight of stone steps that are dated 1653. To the northwest of the hall is a timber-framed former cattle house that was built in the late 16th or early 17th century.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Mawdesley Hall stands at the north end of the village of Mawdesley in an elevated position about 10 ft or 12 ft above the road. It is built on an outcrop of sandstone about 60 ft from the road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original part of the hall was built in the 17th century and was the home of the Mawdesley family. Towards the end of the 18th or the beginning of the 19th century wings were added to each end of the original hall. Later a lean-to building was added to the rear of the hall.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is in two storeys, and has an H-shaped plan, consisting of a two-bay central hall, with two two-bay cross-wings. The roof is covered in stone-coloured tiles, and is hipped over the fronts of the wings. Each part of the house is built in different materials. The central hall measures about 30 ft across. Its lower storey is timber-framed with plaster panels on a stone plinth. The upper floor is jettied and is plastered, and is painted to give the appearance of timber-framing. Towards the right end of the lower storey is a doorway and to the left of this is a long mullioned and transomed window. In the upper floor are three casement windows that were inserted later. The left (west) wing projects forward by 8 ft, it is in red sandstone with yellow stone dressings, and has chamfered quoins. The windows have architraves with keystones, and sills on corbels. The right (east) wing projects forward by 9 ft, it is in brick with stone quoins, and contains square-headed windows.</p><br>
<h2>Appreciation</h2><br>
<p>Mawdesley Hall was designated as a Grade I listed building on 22 October 1952.</p><br>
<h2>Associated structures</h2><br>
<h3>Entrance steps</h3><br>
<p>Leading up from the road to the garden of the hall is a flight of eight sandstone steps that are dated 1653. They are protected on the outside by a sloping parapet with roll-moulded coping. The steps incorporate an enclosed viewing platform on an open-topped turret with loopholes on its sides. They were designed as a Grade II listed building on 22 October 1952. Grade II is the lowest of the grades of listing, and is applied to buildings that are "nationally important and of special interest".</p><br>
<h3>Former cattle house</h3><br>
<p>To the northwest of the hall is a former cattle house, which was later used as a store. It dates from the 16th or early 17th century, and is timber-framed on a high sandstone plinth, with a roof of stone-coloured tiles. It has four bays, with an outshut at the rear of the third bay. The panels are plastered and painted white. On each side there are four doorways. The cattle house wa also designated as a Grade II listed building on 22 October 1952.</p><br>
<p>Founders Hall is the oldest building standing on the campus of the Maine Central Institute, a private high school in Pittsfield, Maine. Built in 1868-77 , it is an Italianate building of unusual architectural sophistication for rural Maine. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is the centerpiece of the school&#39;s campus, housing classrooms, offices, and other facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Founders Hall is the centerpiece of the campus of the Maine Central Institute, located on the west side of Main Street in Pittsfield, Maine. It is a three story brick structure, with a hip roof and a granite foundation. The cornice line below the roof is decorated with modillions. The hip roof is flattened at the center, and is topped by an open octagonal belfry with a bellcast roof. The front facade has a central projecting section, with quoined corners and single-story porches on either side that shelter its entrances. The upper windows on the projection are tall composites with round-arch elements. Fenestration elsewhere consists of segmented-arch sashes on the first level, and round-arch windows above.</p><br>
<p>The Maine Central Institute was founded in 1866 by Free Will Baptists as a private academy intended to supply students to Bates College. Construction of this, its first building, taking place over a ten-year period beginning in 1868. The building now houses, in addition to classrooms, offices and a ballet studio, as well as the school&#39;s rifle range in its basement.</p><br>
<p>Penland Post Office and General Store, also known as Bailey Lumber Company Office Building and Bailey Lumber Company Office and General Merchandise Store, is a historic post office and general store located at Penland, Mitchell County, North Carolina. It was built about 1900, and is a long, one-story, frame building with a front-gable roof and rough-sawn board and batten siding. The building housed the office and store of the Bailey Lumber Company from about 1900 to 1916, and a general store from about 1902 to 1974. It has housed the Penland post office since 1934 and is the oldest active post office facility in Mitchell County and is the county’s last remaining Fourth Class post office.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Racherin, a mountain with a height of, lies in the Glockner Group in the High Tauern range in Austria. The summit is located ca. 6 km, as the crow flies, northwest of Heiligenblut in the state of Carinthia. The unmarked and mostly trackless normal route is not difficult in snow-free and dry conditions, but is rather laborious. An ascent therefore requires a good sense of direction. In suitable weather there are good views from the top, including an impressive view of the Großglockner and the surrounding mountain world.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The starting point for the normal route is a small car park by the Großglockner High Alpine Road signed as Schöne Wand, ca. 1 km west of the Rasthaus Schöneck inn.</p><br>
<p>The unmarked climb begins at a memorial cross and runs in several loops initially northeast, but soon swings northwest and runs almost parallel to the Großglockner High Alpine Road in the so-called Albitzen, a broad area of alm on the southern slopes of the Racherin. Here the track disappears and climbers need to head north and scale steep pastures to an unmanaged alm hut (ca. ). Further north the terrain is initially gentle, but later becomes steep before reaching a prominent gully. The route now follows the left hand side of the gully to a height of about ca. (care must be taken due to the fine scree). Heading slightly right, the route crosses a relatively gentle, bratsch-covered slope to the summit.</p><br>
<p>(Journey time from the Schöne Wand car park: ca. 3 hours)</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Willi End: Alpine Club Guide Glockner- und Granatspitzgruppe. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, 10th edn.,2003,</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club map, Sheet 40, 1:25,000 series, Glocknergruppe</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The former Hancock County Jail is located at 40 State Street in Ellsworth, the county seat of Hancock County, Maine. Built in 1885-86, it has a well-appointed living space for the jailer in the front, and a series of cells in the back. It was operated as a jail until the early 1970s, and is now home to the Ellsworth Historical Society, which operates it as a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 for its architectural and historical significance.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Hancock County Jail is on the west side of State Street, between the Hancock County Courthouse to the north and the Ellsworth Public Library to the south. Its lot is bounded on the west by the Union River. The jail is a -story brick and granite building, with a dormered hip roof and a slightly elevated granite foundation. The front facade is five bays wide, with the three on the right projecting slightly and topped by a large gable. The outer bays consists of closely spaced pairs of windows, while that in the center has the main entry and a single sash window above. The gable has a Palladian window outlined in a brick arch. On the north and south facades the distinction between the jailer&#39;s residence (the front) and the jail portion (the rear) of the building is evident.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the jailers residence has a central hall plan, with four major rooms on each floor, and a central stairwell with an elegantly turned railing and newel post. The parlor and dining room are well-appointed, with decorative fireplace surrounds. The room at the northwest served as the jailers office, and has a separate entrance to the outside and access to the jail through a heavy metal door. Other rooms at the back of the residence also have "wicket" openings, coverable by heavy metal fixtures, through which the jailer could monitor and communicate with the prisoners. The rear of the building has thick granite exterior walls, and houses fourteen cells divided by brick walls. The cells are 6 x, with 8 ft ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The jail was the second built for the county. The county hired Portland architect Francis H. Fassett to draft plans in 1885, and the building was completed the following year. It is one of several surviving county jails in Maine which include both cells and jailers quarters. The facility served as a jail until the early 1970s; it is not known how many jailers or county sheriffs resided in the jailers quarters, due in part to the destruction of county records by a fire at the adjacent courthouse in 1933. The last county sheriff prior to the jail&#39;s closure converted the office into an evidence locker, and did not live on the premises.</p><br>
<p>The building is now home to the Ellsworth Historical Society, which rescued it from demolition in 1980. The museum is generally open on Thursdays and Saturdays in July and August, or by appointment.</p><br>
<p>Star Historic District is a national historic district located at Star, Montgomery County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 85 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 3 contributing structures in the town of Troy. The district developed between 1896 and 1963 and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Romanesque Revival, Colonial Revival, and American Craftsman style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the Leach-Allen House and Wright Dairy , Leach Cemetery , Star Railroad Depot , Bank of Star , Star Hotel , Allen Building , Pontiac Dealership , Nalls Watch Repair Building/C. V. Richardson Hosiery/Star Town Hall , Star</p><br>
<p>Methodist Church (1924, c. 1950s), and Star Presbyterian Church (1953-1958).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Aberdeen Historic District is a national historic district located at Aberdeen, Moore County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 101 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 2 contributing structures in the town of Aberdeen. It was developed between 1880 and 1940 and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Classical Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed John Blue House. Other notable buildings include the Postmaster&#39;s House , Aberdeen and Asheboro Railroad Building , Page Memorial Library ,  Union Station , Aberdeen and Rockfish Railroad Building , Bank of Aberdeen, Page Memorial United Methodist Church ,  Bethesda Presbyterian Church , and Faith Presbyterian Church .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Hohe Villerspitze is a mountain, in the Southeastern Sellrain Mountains , a sub-group of the northern Stubai Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The mountain has three tops that, together, form an isolated, massive and prominent rocky summit made of amphibolite. Due to its geographic dominance and easily accessibility the Villerspitze is a fairly frequently visited lookout mountain, but it is not one to be underestimated. The southwestern rock tower has a height of, the middle one is and the northwestern top is. A prominent arête runs south from the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Walter Klier,Stubaier Alpen, Alpine Club Guide, Munich, 2006,</p><br>
<p>Eduard Richter, Die Erschließung der Ostalpen, Vol II, Berlin, Verlag des Deutschen und Oesterreichischen Alpenvereins, 1894</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club map 1:25,000 series, Sheet 31/2 Stubaier Alpen, Sellrain</p><br>
<p>Carthage Historic District is a national historic district located at Carthage, Moore County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 85 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, 5 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in a predominantly residential section of Carthage. It was developed between the 1850s and 1940 and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Greek Revival, and Colonial Revival style architecture. Notable buildings include the Carthage Methodist Church ,  Carthage Community House  built by the National Youth Administration, the "Chub" Seawell House, Edgehill, Charles Sinclair House, Dr. John Shaw House, Humber-Spencer House, Adams-Bryan House, Jenkins House, Harley-Muse House , George Calvin Graves House , W. T. Jones House , the J. F. Cole House , the Methodist Parsonage , and Presbyterian Manse.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Aleitenspitze is a mountain, in the Kitzbühel Alps in Austria. It is one of the highest peaks on the main crest of the Kitzbühel Alps. It is usually climbed as part of an ascent of the nearby Schafsiedel  from the New Bamberg Hut, not least because of the 3 mountain lakes that are passed en route: the photogenic lower lake, the green middle lake and the rock-rimmed upper lake.</p><br>
<h2>Route to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The valley of the Kurzer Grund in the Kelchsau is the starting point of the most commonly used approach route. It begins near an inn, the Gasthof Wegscheid, which is accessible by car over a metalled toll road. There are numerous unmetalled car parking areas near the inn.</p><br>
<p>The path climbs steeply up the wooded slopes above a mountain stream, the Kurzer Grund Ache, to the New Bamberg Hut that perches on a hillside just above an Alpine meadow nestling amongst the surrounding peaks. Behind the hut, the path branches off to the Schafsiedel, climbing the steep, grassy slopes in a westerly direction to the picturesque Lower Wildalm Lake (Unterer Wildalmsee, ), which is often frequented by anglers. The trail then climbs up to the Middle Wildalm Lake (Mittlerer Wildalmsee, ), the largest of the 3 lakes by area, passing around it to the north on a low ridge before climbing steeply once more to the Upper Wildalm Lake (Oberer Wildalmsee, ), one of the highest in the Kitzbühel Alps. The path follows the lakeshore for a short distance, before striking for the summit on a horseshoe-shaped ridge above the lake. The climb to the Schafsiedel is particularly steep. From there the ridgeline curves away to the Aleitenspitze. The crossing is rocky but not difficult. The descent to the New Bamberg Hut may be made by continuing down the ridgeline or by returning to the Schafsiedel.</p><br>
<p>Southern Pines Historic District is a national historic district located at Southern Pines, Moore County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 490 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, and 3 contributing structures in the town of Southern Pines. It was developed between the 1883 and 1940 and includes notable examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed James Boyd House. Other notable buildings include Duncraig Manor, Loblolly, Seaboard Air Line Passenger Depot, Seaboard Air Line Freight Station, Sadelson Pharmacy-Tourist Building, Powell Furniture and Undertaking Building, Belvedere Hotel Building , Arcade Building , Princess Theatre / Carolina Theatre Building, Southern Pines Public Library , U. S. Post Office , First Baptist Church , Church of Wide Fellowship , and Emmanuel Episcopal Church .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>McLeod Family Rural Complex is a historic farm and national historic district located near Pine Bluff, Moore County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 10 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures on a family farm established in the mid-19th century. It includes two houses: the John McLeod House is a largely intact, 1 1/2-story, frame dogtrot plan house dated to about 1840. The Alex McLeod House was built in 1884, and is a two-story, five bay, traditional frame farmhouse. Other contributing resources include two tobacco barns, a pack house, fertilizer house, barn with stables, corn crib, saddle-notched log house , chicken house, shed, root cellar, and smokehouse.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Pinehurst Race Track is a historic horse racing track and national historic district located at Pinehurst, Moore County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 10 contributing buildings, 8 contributing sites, and 1 contributing structure on a complex of barns, stables and other horse-related buildings and paddocks arranged around two oval-shaped race tracks. The oval-shaped race tracks are believed to have been laid out by 1915 as part of the Pinehurst Race Track established by Leonard Tufts. The Amphidrome is a large agricultural exhibition hall built about 1917. It is a 2 1/2-story, gable-roofed building with stuccoed exterior walls and massive timber roof trusses in the Mission Revival style. Other contributing resources include six paddocks , six barns , harness shop , farrier shop , clubhouse , the network of lanes and driveways , and fences . Pinehurst Race Track is the site of the oldest surviving early-20th century fair exhibition hall in the state.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Felix Grundy Norman House is a historic residence in Tuscumbia, Alabama. The house was built in 1851 by Felix Grundy Norman, a lawyer who also served as mayor of Tuscumbia and in the Alabama Legislature from 1841–45 and 1847–48. Norman&#39;s father-in-law was the land agent for the sale of the Chickasaw lands, and his brother-in-law, Armistead Barton, built Barton Hall in nearby Cherokee, Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The house sits on the corner of Main and Second Street, and has two identical façades facing each street. Each face has a central pedimented portico supported by four Tuscan columns. Each portico is flanked by tri-part windows consisting a nine-over-nine sash window bordered by narrow three-over-three sashes. The interior retains its Greek Revival woodwork and mantels.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Oaks  is a historic residence near Tuscumbia in Colbert County, Alabama. Ricks came to North Alabama from Halifax, North Carolina, in the early 1820s. He acquired a large plantation which he sold in 1826 and purchased nearby land. A log house had been built on the new property circa 1818, and Ricks built a new, larger house connected to it which was completed in 1832. The house remained in the family until 1966, and is still in use as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The original house is a -story log structure covered with weatherboards. Exterior chimneys rest in each gable end, and a shed roofed porch projects from the rear of the house. The log house is connected to the two-story main house by a one-story, gable roofed hall with two exterior doors and windows matching those of the main house. The front façade of the main house is five bays wide, with a central portico supported by two square columns and topped with a deck. The twin-leaf door is surrounded by sidelights and a transom; a similar door with sidelights opens to the deck above. The portico is flanked by a pair of twelve-over-twelve sash windows on each side on both floors. The interior has a center-hall layout with one room on either side of a main hall.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Strawberry Schoolhouse is a historic one-room school building located in northwestern Gila County, Arizona, in the small mountain community of Strawberry. Built of pine logs in 1885, the Strawberry Schoolhouse is reputed to be the "oldest standing schoolhouse in Arizona" and now functions as a fully restored local history museum, complete with a late-19th century classroom exhibit.</p><br>
<p>The Strawberry School was formally dedicated as a Historical Monument on August 15, 1981, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 10, 2005. It is often called the "oldest standing schoolhouse" remaining in Arizona, but is closely outdated by the Arivaca Schoolhouse in Arivaca, Arizona, which was built six years earlier in 1879.</p><br>
<p>Strawberry Schoolhouse 44.JPGThe Strawberry Schoolhouse in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Strawberry School2.jpgThe front of the building.</p><br>
<p>Preuit Oaks is a historic plantation house near Leighton in Colbert County, Alabama. The house was built in 1847 by Dr. John S. Napier, on land originally owned by his father-in-law. The house and land were sold in 1851 to W. Richard Preuit, who developed the property into a large cotton plantation. At its peak in 1860, the plantation covered 1,500 acres ; following the Civil War, its productivity declined, and Preuit&#39;s holdings had depleted to only 400 acres  upon his death in 1882. The house has remained in the family since.</p><br>
<p>The house is a -story structure with a gable roof punctuated by two dormer windows on the front façade. A pedimented portico supported by square columns covers the double entry door, which is surrounded by sidelights and a transom. Twelve-over-twelve sash windows sit on either side of the portico. The house has a center-hall plan with two rooms on either side. A one-story, shed-roofed addition projects from the rear of the house. In addition to the house, the complex also contains 14 buildings and structures constructed between 1850 and 1890, including an office, kitchen, cook&#39;s house, corn cribs, barn, gin house, tenant house, smokehouse, blacksmith shop, and the family cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in 1978 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Lloyd–Howe House, also known as "Anchors Aweigh" and Clarendon Gardens and Howe House, is a historic home located near Pinehurst, Moore County, North Carolina, United States. It was built in 1929, and consists of a 1 1/2-story main block with a gable roof and one-story wings in an irregular configuration. Its style is a variation of the New England Cape Cod and contains 16 rooms over 5,778 square feet. It is sheathed in stained Georgia cypress weatherboards and has chinmeys, flues and two terraces built of local bluish-brown Carthage stone.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, Robert Sturtevant developed landscaping for thirty acres lying southeast of the main house, an area then called Clarendon Gardens.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Wildkarspitze is a mountain, in the Zillertal Alps in the Austrian state of Salzburg.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Wildkarspitze rises on the municipal territory of Krimml in the Pinzgau. It is the highest summit on the Gerloskamm, a north-south running ridge in the Reichenspitze Group, which forms the eastern boundary of the Zillertal Alps. To the west of the mountain is the valley of Wildgerlostal, to the east that of the Krimmler Achental.</p><br>
<p>Whilst the western mountainside of the Wildkarspitze has a rocky character, the northern and eastern sides are heavily glaciated. To the north is the glacier of Wildkarkees, to the northeast, the Waldbergkarkees, and to the southeast, the Weißkarkees. The neighbouring peaks are the less prominent Seekarspitzl (also Walderbergkarkopf, ) to the northeast and the Hoher Schaflkopf to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Alpinism</h2><br>
<p>The normal route up the Wildkarspitze runs tracklessly from the Zittauer Hut to the southwest up to the arête between Wildkarspitze and Hoher Schaflkopf and then along it to the summit. This ascent requires climbing to UIAA grade II level. Another just as difficult route, which is accessible from the Wildgerlostal or from Krimml, runs across the Waldbergkarkees glacier, then over the Wildkarkees and finally along the northwest ridge to the top. In winter the mountain is climbed as a ski tour across the Wildkarkees.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of the mountain, then called the Wildkarkopf, was undertaken by Karl Povinelli and Franz Hofer in 1892.</p><br>
<p>The Grabspitze , formerly also called the Hochferner, is the second highest peak in the Pfunderer Mountains after the Wilde Kreuzspitze. The Pfunderer are a subrange of the Zillertal Alps located in the Italian province of South Tyrol. Its former name, "Hochferner", was derived from a firn field that lay to the side of the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The easiest route starts from Platz in the Pfitscher Tal valley and heads southwards part the small hamlet of Überwasser initially on the right hand side of the stream, climbing steeply through the forest. After the treeline the track continues to follow the Überwasserbach stream. At a height of about the route reaches a large basin from where the summit and its cross are visible. The path now turns, still rising steeply, in the direction of a notch on the west arête of the Grabspitze, which is reached at a height of about. The path along the western ridge is rather exposed in places and remains steep until the subpeak is gained. From there the route runs for a little way along the southern flank in an unremarkable ridge hollow near the summit. The last few metres make their way from there up the northern flank to the summit. The ascent from the Pfitscher valley needs about four to five hours. The path is mostly waymarked, but at various stream crossings the original waymarks are no longer recognisable due to high water. The Grabspitze is usually climbed in the new year as part of a ski tour; the ascent route largely following the marked path.</p><br>
<p>The Monson Community Church is a Christian congregation affiliated with the Evangelical Free Church of America. It is located in a historically nad architecturally significant church building at 19 Greenfield Road in Monson, Maine. Its building is a combination of two separate sanctuaries, one built in 1845 for a Baptist congregataion, and the other in 1861 for Congregationalists, that were joined together in 1959 when the two congregations merged. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, representing a unique adaptive reuse of 19th-century church buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Monson Community Church is set on the northeast side of Greenville Road (aka Main Street, Maine State Route 6) in the central village of Monson. Located closer to the street is the 1861 Congregational church building, to which the 1845 Baptist church building has been attached at the northeast corner. The Congregational church building is two stories in height, and has been adapted to house church offices, meeting spaces, and Sunday School facilities. The Baptist church, originally located on Pleasant Street, was moved to its present location in 1959. Both buildings are finished in clapboard siding, and have Greek Revival features such as corner pilasters and fully pedimented gable ends. The Congregational church has a two-stage tower with an open belfry; the tower of the Baptist church was removed when the building was moved.</p><br>
<p>The town of Monson was settled 1815-20, and incorporated in 1822. Its Congregational congregation was established in 1821, and built its first building (said to be the first between Bangor and the northern Canada–US border) in 1831. That church burned in 1860, after which the congregation promptly rebuilt. The Baptist congregation was established in 1827, but did not build a church until 1845. Both congregations remained healthy until the 1940s, when their populations dwindled. Merger discussions were underway by 1955, and the building move was executed in 1959. The Monson Community Church was not formally incorporated as a separated entity until 1982; the Congregational Society was disbanded in 1986, and the Baptist Society in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Innere Wetterspitze is a mountain, 3,053 metres high, in the Stubai Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It lies between the Stubai and Gschnitztal valleys, rising to the north of and above the col of Simmingjöchl and is separated by the Lautererseejoch from the rather higher Äußere Wetterspitze. The two Wetterspitzen sit on the Habichtkamm, a mountain ridge that branches off the main chain of the Alps near the Feuerstein and heads northeastwards to the Elferspitze.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The easiest ascent runs from the Bremer Hut across the east flank, over the Schneekachl and along the north arête taking three hours to reach the summit (UIAA grade I). In addition there is another waymarked path along the eastern arête. This is secured in places, very exposed and requires climbing experience at UIAA level II. From the Bremer Hut this alternative ascent needs two hours.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Walter Klier: Stubaier Alpen, Alpine Club Guide, Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich, 2006,</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club map, Sheet 31/1, 1:25,000, Stubaier Alpen; Hochstubai.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Hexenkopf is a mountain, in the Samnaun Group in the Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Hexenkopf lies on the northern chain of the Samnaun Group between the valleys of Paznauntal in the north and Oberinntal in the south. Its neighbouring peak to the west is the high Gmaierkopf; to the south, separated by the Hexen Saddle, is the high Masnerkopf. To the southeast is the Masneralpe, which has been developed for winter sports by the Serfaus-Fiss-Ladis ski region. The Hexensee Hut on the lake of Hexensee is one of the most important bases for an ascent of the Hexenkopfs. In the east the high Masnerjoch col separates the Hexenkopf from the high Arrezkopf; this chain runs eastwards to the high Furgler. To the north another ridge to the Plattkopf separates the alpine meadows of Hinterflathalpe in the west from Berglialpe in the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Hexenkopf is largely composed of mica-rich slate gneiss, which is interspersed with veins of pegmatite and other granitic rocks. In addition, there are small deposits of strong, hornblende-containing amphibolite.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Unlike the nearby and oft-visited Furgler, the Hexenkopf is very rarely climbed. That is because, on the one hand it is further from the top station of the Lazidbahn from the tourist resort of Serfaus and, on the other, it is more difficult to climb.</p><br>
<p>From the Masnerjoch col there is a waymarked route running initially westwards, and then along the norther arête of the Hexenkopf to the top. This exposed rocky ridge has climbing sections of UIAA grade I. The Masnerjoch may be reached from the Hexensee Hut, from the Kölner Haus near Serfaus or from the north, from See in the Paznauntal valley. Even the Ascher Hut here is a possible base.</p><br>
<p>Another waymarked, but trackless, ascent runs from the Hexensattel along the south arête to the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Panüeler Kopf  is a mountain in the Austrian state Vorarlberg. The Panüeler Kopf is part of the Schesaplana group and with an elevation of the second highest mountain in the Rätikon mountain range. The 950 m high west face is the highest rock face in the Rätikon.</p><br>
<p>Panüelerkopf Gamperdonatal, Nenzinger Himmel 1.JPGSummit of Panüeler Kopf</p><br>
<p>Panüelerkopf Gipfelkreuz.JPGSummit cross</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Ascents from alpine club huts:</p><br>
<p>From Mannheimer Hütte in maximum one hour.</p><br>
<p>From Oberzalimhütte via the hiking path Straußsteig in three to four hours. The Straußsteig follows the north ridge of the Panüeler Kopf.</p><br>
<p>Climbing:</p><br>
<p>Difficulty is UIAA grade III. First ascensionists of this route were R. Jenny and F. Schatzmann in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The Hochreichkopf is a mountain in the northwestern part of the Stubai Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. Its broad summit lies between the Niederreichjoch and Hochreichjoch cols east of and above the Ötztal valley.</p><br>
<p>The easiest waymarked route runs from the Schweinfurter Hut to the east taking 3½ hours to get to the top via the Hochreichjoch col. Alternatively the peak may also be ascended from the south. This route was the one taken by the first climbers and runs from Kühtai over the Niederreichscharte to the Hochreichscharte col, where it meets the route coming from the east. For this variation about 4½ hours should be allowed. The crossing of the west flank of the summit between the Niederreichjoch and Hochreichjoch requires sure-footedness.</p><br>
<p>The Hancock Point School is a historic former school building at 644 Point Road in Hancock, Maine. Built c. 1870, this wood frame one-room schoolhouse served as a school until 1940, and is now privately owned. It is the town&#39;s only surviving district schoolhouse, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The schoolhouse is a single-story wood frame structure, with a front gable roof, weatherboard siding, minimal exterior ornamentation, and a foundation of stone piers. It is set on a large (more than 5 acre) parcel of land on the east side of Point Road, which also includes a c. 1980s private residence. Its main facade has a centered doorway with a transom window, and an opening for a small sash window in the gable above. The side elevations have two pairs each of sash windows, and the rear elevation has a window in the gable, and a doorway leading into an attached shed-roof garage. The main entrance opens into a small vestibule area, which has doors to either side leading into the classroom space. That space has vertical beadboard wainscoting, with horizontal beadboard paneling above and on the ceiling. The floors are maple, a replacement for original pine floors. The space includes original fixtures, including desks, benches, and electric lighting dating to 1937.</p><br>
<p>The town of Hancock had eight school districts. This building, which served district #2, was built c. 1870 by George Young, who also gave half of the land on which it stands. The school remained in service until 1941, when the town completed the consolidation of all of its district schools based on a state mandate.</p><br>
<p>The Merrill House is a historic house at 617 South Sixth Street in Rogers, Arkansas. It is a single story brick and masonry structure, with a hip roof that has a bell-cast shape and wide overhangs. A central projecting section has a grouping of three windows and is flanked on both sides by porches, one screened and one open. The arrangement of windows as well as the horizontal organization of stone and brickwork is all reminiscent of the Prairie School of Frank Lloyd Wright. The house, built in 1917, was a nearly complete rebuild of an older  house. Its designer and owner was A. W. Merrill, a local woodworker and lumber yard owner. It is the only Prairie School-influenced house in Rogers.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Ritterkopf is a prominent mountain in Rauris, about 3 km north of the main chain of the Tauern Alps in Austria, and separates the valleys of Krumltal and Hüttwinkltal. On the mountainsides there are the sites of mineral deposits , some of which are tourist attractions. In the Ritterkar cirque  gold was mined in the 16th century.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>Because there are no waymarked paths on the mountain, a good sense of direction and clear weather are necessary and sure-footedness is also required in the trackless terrain. In addition, there are no mountain huts on the Ritterkopf, so a day should be allowed in order to climb through a total of about 1,800 metres (i.e. 900 metres up and 900 metres down again).</p><br>
<p>The normal route runs from the Alpengasthof Bodenhaus inn through the Ritterkaralm and along the eastern arete to the summit.</p><br>
<p>The north ridge is classified in the 1986 Alpine Club Guide as UIAA grade I.</p><br>
<p>The ascent from the Krumltal valley through the Gamskar cirque, to the Goldlacklscharte col and along the south arete (Goldlacklschneid) is rated in the same guide as UIAA I; but because there is a section of the ridge with very sandy and friable rock (near the Goldlacklscharte; partly on the Reitgrat) it is only recommended for very experienced alpinists.</p><br>
<h2>Maps and guides</h2><br>
<p>Alpine Club map, Sheet 42, 1:25,000 series, Sonnblick (north side of the Ritterkopf no longer on the map section)</p><br>
<p>Liselotte Buchenauer, Peter Holl: Alpine Club Guide Ankogel- und Goldbergruppe. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich, 1986.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Port Office Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 40 Edward Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by James Cowlishaw and built from 1876 by Charles Midson. It was also known as Shamrock Hotel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first hotel on this site was opened in May 1864 and was known as the Shamrock Hotel.</p><br>
<p>In late 1876 the Shamrock Hotel was reconstructed as a two-storey masonry building with verandahs. It was designed by James Cowlishaw with Charles Midson the contractor.</p><br>
<p>In 1888 the remodelled hotel was described as being "extremely commodious, containing (besides public and private bars and an attractive clubroom) fifteen bedrooms, a drawing room, two bath rooms and four public rooms on the ground floor". The hotel was patronised by workers from nearby shipping and industrial and riverside businesses.</p><br>
<p>The building was flooded in the 1893 Brisbane flood.</p><br>
<p>With the change of licensee c. 1909, John Chillan Cutbush renamed the hotel the Port Office Hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 1955 the hotel was refurbished under the direction of architect Francis Leo Cullen. This work included the removal of all the verandahs, lacework, canopies and chimneystacks and renovation of the interior fittings.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was flooded in the 1974 Brisbane flood.</p><br>
<p>During the 1980s further internal renovations have been undertaken.</p><br>
<p>Due to its low-lying position, the Port Office Hotel was sandbagged to provide protection during the 2011 Brisbane floods.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Port Office Hotel, located on the corner of Edward and Margaret Streets, is a two storeyed rendered brick building with a corrugated iron roof. The rendered brickwork is scribed to imitate stonework and has bays separated by rendered quoins while a number of the window openings have stone sills. A cantilevered awning dominates the street facades.</p><br>
<p>A separate store with a hipped roof, filling in the "L" shape plan to create a rectangle, has been incorporated into the structure. A verandah has been added to the eastern back wall. Leadlight windows remain in some of the ground floor openings.</p><br>
<p>Internally some of the early timber doors, architraves, and skirtings survive but otherwise the majority including the stair has been altered in various refurbishments since the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Port Office Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Port Office Hotel is significant for its contribution to the lower Edward Street streetscape in association with the Port Office, Naval Offices, Old Mineral House and Smellie&#39;s Building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Port Office Hotel is significant for its contribution to the lower Edward Street streetscape in association with the Port Office, Naval Offices, Old Mineral House and Smellie&#39;s Building.</p><br>
<p>The Port Office is a heritage-listed former government building  at 39 Edward Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1879 to 1929 by John Petrie. It is also known as Stamford Plaza and Harbours & Marine Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Port Office was built in 1879–80 to a design by FDG Stanley, the Queensland Colonial Architect. It replaced an earlier building nearby. The contractor was John Petrie who had tendered £8,811 for the work. The building was erected on land adjoining the old Port Office. A slipway and wharves for use by the Department were adjacent. In 1885 a two-storey extension was constructed at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the building was extended to provide more space for the Department of Labour which had occupied the building since 1906. A tide marker on the wall of the building since the turn of the century was damaged during the 1974 floods but was later replaced.</p><br>
<p>In 1988 the property was leased to a private company and the building became part of the Heritage Hotel complex, later the Stamford Plaza Hotel. Extensive renovations were undertaken including the removal of all post 1880 additions, and the addition of the end balconies which were shown on the Colonial Architect&#39;s original plans.</p><br>
<p>Since June 2010, the former Port Office has been operating as the Moo Moo Wine Bar and Grill within the Stamford Plaza Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Port Office is a two-storey, 1880s building which features restrained Classical detailing combined with decorative cast iron work. The building has a prominent entry porch with an extensive elevation facing Edward Street. It has three gable ended projecting bays connected by verandahs. The walls are rendered brick while the roof is sheeted in rolled iron. The lower floor level features plain circular columns supporting the verandah and keyed pilasters. The upper level verandah has slender cast iron columns.</p><br>
<p>The building has austere Classical detailing with Roman arched openings and a string course in the form of a cornice that runs the perimeter of the building above the ground floor windows. The building has circular ventilator openings in each gable end. Above the roof are chimneys of varying heights, and decorative cast iron ridge cresting. The building is now separated from the Brisbane River by the Stamford Plaza Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has been extensively renovated and adapted to include ground level speciality shops and a restaurant and bar on the top floor. Two of the shops on the ground floor have had mezzanine levels inserted. Otherwise original ceiling heights have been retained.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Port Office was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of the expansion of maritime trade in the late 1870s and its importance to the developing economy of the colony.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>An example of the work of Colonial Architect FDG Stanley, and of building contractor John Petrie.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Its contribution to the streetscape as part of a maritime precinct.</p><br>
<p>Old Mineral House is a heritage-listed warehouse at 2 Edward Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard Gailey and built from 1888 to 1890s by William Anthony. It is also known as Smellie & Co Warehouse and the Industrial High School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This warehouse was constructed for the firm of Smellie & Co in 1888 with extensions in the late 1890s.</p><br>
<p>RR Smellie & Co was established in the 1860s as a foundry and engineering works in Alice Street, producing cast iron products for the building industry, and equipment for steamships and locomotives. In the 1880s, RR Smellie & Co altered the orientation of its business, concentrating on importing machinery, implements, and general hardware supplies. The repair and manufacturing plant of RR Smellie & Co was continued by Smith, Forrester, and Co. In 1882, the company became known as Smellie & Co.</p><br>
<p>The change in direction of the business meant that Smellie & Co required warehouse space. A double-storeyed warehouse was constructed further along Alice Street but these premises proved to be too small as the business prospered in the 1880s. In 1888 a new warehouse, designed by Richard Gailey, was built for the company on the corner of Edward and Alice Streets in 1888. A three storeyed building, it was erected by William Anthony who had tended £6,987 for the project. The warehouse stocked a diverse range of hardware, engineering requisites, and farming equipment.</p><br>
<p>The warehouse was flooded in the 1893 Brisbane flood.</p><br>
<p>Two storeys were added to the building in the late 1890s as a result of the continuing expansion of the company&#39;s business.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 this building was leased to ACB Limited, drapers, and in 1935, the Department of Public Works became lessees. The Queensland Government purchased the property in 1945, along with a number of buildings owned by the firm in the area. Smellie & Co Pty Ltd went into voluntary liquidation in 1946.</p><br>
<p>The Department of Public Works has used this building for a variety of purposes since 1945. These uses have given the building its various names – Naval House, the Industrial High School, and Mineral House.</p><br>
<p>The Industrial High School moved into the building in 1947. The school had previously been at the Central Technical College (now the Gardens Point campus of Queensland University of Technology) but the conditions there were very cramped.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the building is occupied by a number of businesses including Restaurant 2.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Old Mineral House, situated on the corner of Edward and Alice Streets, is a five storeyed building of rendered brick, with a cast iron and timber internal structure and timber flooring.</p><br>
<p>The street facades are visually divided by rendered vertical bands imitating stonework into three bays in Edward Street, and five in Alice Street. The ground floor level is rendered to simulate broad segmental arched openings with keystones, some containing a pair of windows and others single large openings. The main entry is in the central bay of the Edward Street facade and has a semi-circular arched opening with flanking pilasters supporting an austere projecting entablature and cornice. Paired window openings are situated in the bays on the first and second floors. These are spaced to fit the size of each bay and have rendered quoined surrounds.</p><br>
<p>A frieze with a cornice above marks the top of the original building. The same bays are continued above this to the new parapet but contain different types of window openings. On the fourth level each bay has three window openings consisting of a wide central one, flanked by narrower openings separated by small pilasters, while on the fifth level, the openings are arched. Another cornice runs around the top of the building at parapet level. Classical pediments free of ornament are situated at the parapet level of the central bay of each street facade. The parapets step to a raised central section which stands above these.</p><br>
<p>Internally the building&#39;s structure is predominantly intact. It consists of cast iron columns supporting timber beams on the lower levels and timber beams and columns on the additional upper levels. The staircases and lifts are more recent additions.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Old Mineral House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As an example of an intact late Victorian era warehouse with classical detailing</p><br>
<p>For the disciplined manner in which it articulates the corner and terminates both the Alice and Edward Street streetscapes</p><br>
<p>For its association with the firm of Smellie & Co, a prominent Queensland importing, engineering and iron founding firm of the nineteenth century</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As an example of an intact late Victorian era warehouse with classical detailing</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>For the disciplined manner in which it articulates the corner and terminates both the Alice and Edward Street streetscapes</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>For its association with the firm of Smellie & Co, a prominent Queensland importing, engineering and iron founding firm of the nineteenth century</p><br>
<p>Caracol is the name given to a large ancient Maya archaeological site, located in what is now the Cayo District of Belize. It is situated approximately 40 kilometres south of Xunantunich and the town of San Ignacio Cayo, and 15 kilometers away from the Macal River. It rests on the Vaca Plateau at an elevation of 500 meters above sea-level, in the foothills of the Maya Mountains. Long thought to be a tertiary center, it is now known that the site was one of the most important regional political centers of the Maya Lowlands during the Classic Period. covering an area much larger than present-day Belize City  and supported more than twice the modern city&#39;s population.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>"Caracol" is a modern name from caracol "snail, shell", but more generally meaning spiral- or volute-shaped&mdash; apparently on account of the winding access road that led to the site. Uxwitza’ or, Hispanicised, "Oxhuitza". This place name may also reference the Three Stone Place of creation.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The site was first reported by a native logger named Rosa Mai, who came across its remains in 1937 while searching for mahogany hardwood trees to exploit. A. H. Anderson and Linton Satterthwaite later discovered 40 stone monuments.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations, investigations, and modern development</h2><br>
<p>The site was first noted and documented archaeologically in 1937 by A. H. Anderson. More extensive explorations and documentation of the site was undertaken by Linton Satterthwaite of the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania from 1950 to 1953. During this time Satterthwaite primarily focused on finding and documenting monuments, later removing several stelae and altars to the University Museum. In the early 1980s, Paul Healy of Trent University investigated Caracol’s core area, recording several architectural groups, and noting the extensive terrace systems and high population density for the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>The Caracol Archaeological Project (ongoing every year since 1985) is directed by Drs. Arlen and Diane Chase of the, United States. The 1988-1989 field seasons researched the southeast section of the site, between the Conchita and Pajaro-Romonal Causeways, to determine the impact of the Tikal-Naranjo wars. From 1994 to 1996, the project focused investigations in the northeast section of the site (near the Puchituk terminus) which showed great time depth dating to the Middle Preclassic, and on the growth and cohesion of the site during Caracol’s two major periods of aggression. In the spring dry season of 2009 they conducted a LiDAR survey with an aircraft that allowed a very rapid assessment of the entire site and surrounds, mapping 200 square kilometers, with results published in May 2010.</p><br>
<p>The only road Caracol may be accessed by is paved for the last ten miles and leads to the Western Highway between San Ignacio and Belmopan and to Santa Elena.</p><br>
<p>Caana ("sky-palace") is the largest building at Caracol. It remains one of the largest man-made structures in Belize.</p><br>
<p>1937</p><br>
<p>Caracol rediscovered by Rosa Mai</p><br>
<p>1938</p><br>
<p>A. H. Anderson initially visits Caracol</p><br>
<p>1950-1953</p><br>
<p>Linton Satterthwaite and the University Museum conducts investigations focusing on recording monuments, and makes a limited map</p><br>
<p>1956-1958</p><br>
<p>A. H. Anderson returns to Caracol and excavates in the A Group and South Acropolis</p><br>
<p>1980</p><br>
<p>Paul Healy of Trent University investigates agricultural terraces and notes unusually high settlement density</p><br>
<p>1985</p><br>
<p>Caracol Archaeological Project begins; Structures A6, and B20 investigated</p><br>
<p>1986</p><br>
<p>Discovery of Altar 21 leading to the reexamination of the “Classic hiatus”; Painted Tomb of a royal woman found at Caana, dated to AD 634. Conchita and Pajaro-Ramonal Causeways located.</p><br>
<p>1987</p><br>
<p>Initiation of settlement research; Causeway system discovered</p><br>
<p>1988</p><br>
<p>Southeast settlement research – Demonstrates the increase in population after the Tikal-Naranjo wars</p><br>
<p>1989</p><br>
<p>Southeast sector settlement work continues; Agricultural fields, housing, and causeways demonstrated to be post-war phenomena. Construction on Caana demonstrated to be post-AD 800</p><br>
<p>1990</p><br>
<p>Structures A2, A7, and A8 excavated; Early Classic construction of South Acropolis found.</p><br>
<p>1991</p><br>
<p>Exploration and mapping of causeways. Ceiba and Retiro Termini located. Structure A6 excavated; found stone box cache with jade mask and mercury. Intact stucco frieze found on earlier construction of Caana. Belize government declares the Caracol area a national park.</p><br>
<p>1992</p><br>
<p>Ruler’s tomb discovered in the South Acropolis; royal tombs found in the Central Acropolis. Belize government constructs road to the site</p><br>
<p>1993</p><br>
<p>Investigations on Canna; royal tomb located in Structure B20; ritual deposits located in B19. Hieroglyphic texts found in non-elite contexts</p><br>
<p>1994-1995</p><br>
<p>Northeast sector investigated to determine settlement density and dating; mapping and reconnaissance indicate no settlement drop-off for 6 km, and the radius of the site determined to be 10 km from the Cahal Pichik, Ceiba, Retiro, and Hatzcap Ceel Causeways and Termini</p><br>
<p>1996</p><br>
<p>Central 9 square kilometers of the site mapped. Preclassic shrine dated to 100 BC found in front of Structure B34 of the Northeast Acropolis</p><br>
<p>1997</p><br>
<p>Mapping of central 16 square kilometers completed. Southeast sector residential groups with open, collapsed, and looted tombs explored</p><br>
<p>1998</p><br>
<p>Basal architecture of Structures A1, A3, and A8 explored. Mapping recorded the Retiro and Ceiba termini and their associated causeways</p><br>
<p>1999</p><br>
<p>Basal stairs of Structures A2 and A3 trenched. Residential group immediately north of the center excavated. Mapping recorded an east-west transect 6 km north of the center. Caracol Site Museum opens</p><br>
<p>2000</p><br>
<p>Excavations focused on structures within the southwest walled area, and one residential group immediately south of the area. Terraces in the Chaquistero area mapped. Dr. Jaime Awe and the Belize Tourism Development Project (TDP) began “tourist-proofing” Caracol’s buildings</p><br>
<p>2001</p><br>
<p>Palace structures of Barrio and Caana excavated in preparation for their stabilization. Terminal Classic trash deposits recovered in Barrio; two elite tombs found at the base of Structure B19</p><br>
<p>2002</p><br>
<p>Excavations focused on Structures A13, B28, and F4, as well as the plaza in front of Structure B33. A new Stela was found in front of Structure B28; a stucco text was recovered in association with Structure B19. The materials from the TDP’s excavations of two residential tombs were analyzed</p><br>
<p>2003</p><br>
<p>Excavations focused on five smaller buildings adjacent to the South Acropolis in order to determine the presence attached specialists; TDP begins stabilization of the South Acropolis. Four burials and a collapsed Protoclassic chultun were also recovered.</p><br>
<p>2004</p><br>
<p>Continued focus on attached specialists; small structures immediately east of Barrio and West of Caana excavated, recovering Terminal Classic line-of-stone buildings and three Early Classic interments. TDP concluded their work</p><br>
<p>2005</p><br>
<p>Investigations focused on locating non-palace Terminal Classic occupation associated with small structures in the center. Excavations of Structure I20 produced late use-related materials and a burial; Structure B59 proved to be of late construction. Structures B40, B42, and B44 showed a series of tombs and caches spanning from the Protoclassic to the Terminal Classic</p><br>
<p>2006</p><br>
<p>Investigations of epicentral structures which were utilized within the broad Late and Terminal Classic social and economic system. Excavated structures include A31, the Northwest Acropolis (Structures A61-A69), and the Gateway residential group (Structures B139-143).</p><br>
<p>2007</p><br>
<p>Recovery of early caching practices both in the center and in an epicentrally proximate residential group revealed variant caching practices and associated ceremonial activities. These findings raised issues of ritual variability throughout the center and immediately adjacent residential groups. Investigated structures included Structures A16, B7, D2, and I2-I8.</p><br>
<p>2008</p><br>
<p>Excavations were undertaken in the Culebras and Palmitas residential groups on either side of the Pajaro-Romonal Causeway to determine whether differential composition of residential complexes existed in close proximity to the center. The causeway running from the center to the Ceiba Terminus was extended and mapped all the way to La Rejolla, a site which exhibited monuments with the Caracol emblem glyph.</p><br>
<p>2009</p><br>
<p>The use of LiDAR was introduced to the site and the mapping of 200 square kilometers revealed the presence of eleven new causeways, five new termini, and thousands of residential groups and agricultural terraces. Excavations were also undertaken in the Northeast Acropolis and the Culebras residential group (especially focusing on Structure C20).</p><br>
<p>2010</p><br>
<p>Investigations focused on ground-checking the remote sensing data gained from LiDAR in 2009, especially on the location of caves. Excavations focused on Structures F30-F42 of the double plaza complex Alta/Baja Vista, as well as further excavations of the Northeast Acropolis.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>At Caracol, there are approximately 267 structures per square kilometer, 85% higher than Tikal. with settlement focused along the many radiating causeways (potentially peaking between 120,000 and up to 180,000)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Caracol area was occupied as early as 1200 BC, yet occupation in the epicentral area was no earlier than 650 BC and lasted no later than AD 950. Caracol boasts 53 carved stone monuments (25 stelae and 28 altars), and more than 250 burials and 200 caches.</p><br>
<p>By the Early Classic (between AD 250 and 550) Caracol was tied into extensive trade networks and pan-lowland ideological systems, The Caracol was officially founded in AD 331 (8.14.13.10.4) by Te’ K’ab Chaak. Special Deposit C117F-1, a Teotihuacan style cremation of three individuals dates precisely to this period, indicating early influences from northern Mexico</p><br>
<h3>Wars with Tikal</h3><br>
<p>Caracol was at first a client state of the more powerful city of Tikal, 76 km to the northwest. Tikals influence weakened during the mid-sixth century; losing control of Naranjo, located halfway between the two cities (42 km from each site), to rival Calakmul. In AD 531, Lord Kan I acceded to the throne. Lord Water (Yajaw Te Kinich II) acceded to power in AD 553 under the auspices of Tikals Lord Double Bird (Wak Chan Kawiil). Then, in AD 556 Tikal enacted a ch’ak (axe) war event, and defeated Caracol; this caused Lord Water to enact the first known star war event in 562 (9.6.8.4.2), and defeated Tikals Lord Wak Chan K’awiil (Double Bird). These poorly understood conflicts are usually associated with long hiatuses and the fall of dynasties. The name comes from the glyph, which shows a star (presumably Venus) pouring liquid on the earth. This particular star-war event was the cause of the archaeologically and epigraphically demonstrated Tikal mid-Classic hiatus, which saw a decline in Tikals population, a cessation of monument erection, and the destruction of certain monuments in the Great Plaza. This 120-year-long hiatus at Tikal occurred as Caracol’s population and monumental construction increased, and the site became more prosperous and cohesive. This event also saw Tikal take on cultural characteristics of Caracol; even with the renewed erection of monuments at Tikal, their style mimicked that of Caracol.</p><br>
<p>Yajaw Te’ K’inich II passed on his throne to the eldest of his two sons, Knot Ajaw, in AD 599; his younger brother K’an II succeeded him in AD 618. Kan II performed a ritual of alliance in Calakmuls territory the following January (9.9.5.13.8). K’an II is described as the most successful Caracol ruler. Reigning for 40 years from AD 618 to 658, he expanded the causeway system and saw an increase in the site’s population.</p><br>
<p>In AD 627 (9.9.14.3.5), Lord Kan II attacked Caracol’s sometime ally Naranjo in a hubi (destruction) war event. He attacked again in 628, and sacrificed its king. He then led a star-war against Naranjo in AD 631 (9.9.18.16.3). He did it a fourth time in 636. In AD 637, he celebrated his first reigning k’atun by dedicating the Hieroglyphic Stairway at Naranjo itself.</p><br>
<h3>Prosperity</h3><br>
<p>Beginning in AD 636, there was a building boom at Caracol at the conclusion of the Tikal-Naranjo wars. This pattern is seen spreading out through the Peten region likely controlled by Caracol, although this spread is independent of other material cultural indicators (like caching practices). K’an II commissioned more monuments than any other ruler, and ushered in the ‘golden age’ of Caracol.</p><br>
<p>Twenty nine days before his death, Kan II ‘witnessed’ the accession of his successor, K’ahk’ Ujol K’inich II on 9.11.5.14.0 – AD 658. During K’ahk’ Ujol K’inich II&#39;s reign, Caracol was defeated in a star-war event by Naranjo; his only monuments appear at La Rejolla.</p><br>
<p>Lasting from AD 702 (Stela 21) to 798 (Ballcourt Marker 3), this period lacks any hieroglyphic texts. Archaeologically however, this period is correlated with an increase in site-wide prosperity. After the AD 798 date, the site core is still prosperous, yet shows less cohesion between the center and outlying areas.</p><br>
<p>Warfare event credited to K’inich Joy Kawil on Stela 11 (erected AD 800), indicating the capture of eight captives; then in 800 CE, K’inich Joy Kawiil captured the lord of Ucanal. Caana was also refinished during this period.</p><br>
<p>K’inich Toobil Yopaat’s accession date is not certain (c. AD 804), but he erected five (possibly six) monuments, and seems to have repaired relations with Ucanal. In AD 820, he enacted an axe event against Tikal.</p><br>
<h3>Collapse</h3><br>
<p>Evidence suggests that Caracol weathered the initial part of the Maya collapse. Through symbolic egalitarianism, it seems that the majority of the Late Classic population had access to ‘elite’ material goods. However, the transition to the Terminal Classic sees a shift away from symbolic egalitarianism, when the elite developed their own ceramic traditions and had access to goods no longer available to the populace.</p><br>
<p>The last recorded date at Caracol is AD 859 – 10.1.10.0.0, on Stele 10. Caana’s abandonment dates to approximately AD 900; several other structures have occupation that dates to the Terminal Classic period. Structure A6 was abandoned in AD 1050, and marks the final abandonment of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Known war events</h2><br>
<h2>Monument chronology</h2><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>Stela 1</p><br>
<p>Potentially posthumous monument erected by Kan II to solidify his rule by referring to Lord Water (but not his predecessor Knot Ahau)</p><br>
<p>Martin and Grube say that it was erected by Yajaw Te’ K’inich along with Altar 1 to mark the 9.8.0.0.0 K’atun ending (AD 593)</p><br>
<p>Located behind structure A1 with cached vessels below it, and a small ‘transformational tomb’ behind it containing three cremated individuals</p><br>
<p>Found standing and unfragmented by A. H. Anderson in 1938, later excavations by the University Museum in 1950 revealed its association with Altar 1</p><br>
<p>Stela 2</p><br>
<p>Discovered during the 1951 season fragmented into seven pieces, located between the south end of Platform A1 and Structure A9. Only the top portion was found</p><br>
<p>Depicts a badly eroded ruler from the waist up holding the ceremonial bar</p><br>
<p>No date survives</p><br>
<p>Stela 3</p><br>
<p>Found broken in two major fragments, one found in 1950 in Plaza A3, the lower portion found in 1953 at the west edge of Reservoir B. The lower portion did not seem to have been re-erected, nor was it associated with any other monuments or construction features</p><br>
<p>Dedicated at 9.11.0.0.0 – AD 652 by Kan II at his accession (AD 618), it also references his 1st penis perforation at age 5 under the direction of his father, Yajaw Te’ K’inich II (Lord Water)</p><br>
<p>May portray Batz’ Ek’, who may have served as Kan II’s regent/surrogate parent, or his mother. The text includes the “arrival” verb (at 9.7.10.16.8 and again at 9.9.9.10.5, although the presence of two arrivals is not thoroughly explained), indicating that whomever Batz’ Ek’ was, they were foreign to Caracol. Batz’ Ek’ is an enigmatic character, who on this stela bears the Snake emblem glyph yet may in fact be from Site Q.</p><br>
<p>Shows Site Q emblem glyph in clauses showing its ‘secondary importance’</p><br>
<p>Stela 4</p><br>
<p>Probably from AD 583 (9.7.10.0.0), depicts Yajaw Te’ K’inich (Lord Water)</p><br>
<p>Found in 1950 by A. H. Anderson in Plaza A3, when excavation showed that this was not the monument’s original placement</p><br>
<p>Stela 5</p><br>
<p>Marks the 9th K’atun ending in AD 613 - 9.9.0.0.0</p><br>
<p>Elaborate Early classic style, showing Knot Ajaw holding the ceremonial bar, surrounded by open portals with emerging named ancestors</p><br>
<p>The northernmost in a line of stelae (including Stelae 6 and 7) discovered in front of Structure A13. None of these stelae had associated altars, yet a sub-altar cache was found in front of Stela 5 (although this may represent a later offering) which could indicate the previous presence of a Giant Ajaw Altar</p><br>
<p>Stela 6</p><br>
<p>Discovered with Stelae 5 and 7 in front of Structure A13 in 1950, and tentatively dates to 9.8.10.0.0</p><br>
<p>First stela erected by Knot Ajaw in AD 603 (9.8.10.0.0?)</p><br>
<p>Originally had over 144 glyphs, and depicted twin portraits of Knot Ajaw and his father, Lord Water</p><br>
<p>Makes note of Lord Chekaj K’inich who also carries the Caracol emblem glyph, and may be the younger brother of Lord Water (Yajaw Te’ K’inich)</p><br>
<p>Stela 7</p><br>
<p>Dating to 9.10.0.0.0 1 Ajaw – AD 633</p><br>
<p>Placed at the southern end of the line formed with Stelae 5 and 6 at Structure A13</p><br>
<p>Stela 8</p><br>
<p>Located in the A-Group Plaza to the west of Altar 14</p><br>
<p>Badly eroded, the only semi-legible text being a date which is presumably 9.19.0.0.0? – AD 810, and is very stylistically similar to Stelae 9 and 11</p><br>
<p>Stela 9</p><br>
<p>Was unfortunately located under a logging road, and is heavily damaged and broken. Associated with Altar 4, both monuments were in the center of the A-Group Plaza along the east-west axis facing Platform A10</p><br>
<p>Seems to have a different dating than Altar 4, leading Beetz and Satterthwaite to suggest that they were not an original pair</p><br>
<p>Similar to Stelae 8 and 11 in the same Plaza, which depict a ruler with the ceremonial serpent bar, potentially dating between 9.18.0.0.0 and 10.0.0.0.0</p><br>
<p>Stela 10</p><br>
<p>Found in the A-Group Plaza, it displays a glyphic text on one face making it unusual in the Caracol corpus. Other similar monuments from Uaxactun (Stela 10) or Jimbal (Stela 2) date to Baktun 10</p><br>
<p>Dedication date of 10.1.10.0.0 – AD 859</p><br>
<p>Stela 11</p><br>
<p>Erected by K’inich Joy Kawiil in AD 800 (9.18.10.0.0) in the A-Group Plaza (Martin and Grube 2008)</p><br>
<p>Suggests that Tum Yohl K’inich is K’inich Joy Kawiil’s father, or potentially a related high-ranking military leader</p><br>
<p>Discovered in 1953 along the east-west axis of the plaza, near but not paired with Altar 19</p><br>
<p>Stela 12</p><br>
<p>Found in the A-Group Plaza at the base of Platform A1a, just south of Stela 20. The building sequence indicated that Stela 12 preceded the construction of Platform A1a</p><br>
<p>When discovered, A. H. Anderson noted that the stela was devoid of any carving, and entirely plain. While this may be an uncarved monument, it is also likely that erosion destroyed any carving that may have once been present</p><br>
<p>Stela 13</p><br>
<p>Located in the front of Structure A4 on Platform A1, and situated near Stela 14, 15, and 16, and Altar 7. It is one of the few Early Classic monuments left in situ by early excavations.</p><br>
<p>The iconography on the front closely resembles that of Stela 16, and the back contains enough legible glyphs that the date 9.4.0.0.0 can be assigned to the monument, placing it in the reign of Yajaw Te’ K’inich I. This date makes it the second oldest stela at the site, and confirms the existence of a royal dynasty at Caracol. The iconography is standard Early Classic, with the ruler holding the ceremonial bar while wearing a god mask.</p><br>
<p>Stela 14</p><br>
<p>Erected by Yajaw Te’ K’inich II in AD 554 to commemorate the K’atun ending 9.6.0.0.0</p><br>
<p>Found on Platform A1 near Stelae 13, 15, and 16, and in association with Altar 7</p><br>
<p>It was originally thought to be uncarved when first discovered, yet it is actually finely incised and depicts a ruler seated holding the ceremonial bar over a 42 block glyphic text</p><br>
<p>Stela 15</p><br>
<p>Dedicated in AD 573 – 9.7.0.0.0 7Ajaw</p><br>
<p>Completes the grouping on Platform A1 which includes 13, 14, 16, and Altar 7. It is primarily glyphic, although there are small and eroded figures at the top of the monument</p><br>
<p>Records the accession of K’an I in AD 531, and a ch’ak (axe) event against Caracol by the Snake polity and Tikal</p><br>
<p>Stela 16</p><br>
<p>K’an I’s only K’atun ending in AD 534 (9.5.0.0.0), erected on Platform A1</p><br>
<p>Gives a genealogy and includes his grandfather K’ahk’ Ujol K’inich I, a royal woman from Xultun, and both of his parents.</p><br>
<p>Also mentioned is Lord Bahlam Nehn of Copan, although his appearance is unclear</p><br>
<p>It is comparatively well preserved, and depicts the ruler with the ceremonial bar standing above three smaller seated figures which appear below the ground line</p><br>
<p>In the monument grouping that includes Stelae 13, 14, 15, and Altar 7. Along with Stela 15, it seems to have been broken in antiquity and buried beneath Altar 7.</p><br>
<p>Stela 17</p><br>
<p>Erected by K’an III, it is associated with Altar 10 to the southeast of B Group</p><br>
<p>It depicts two seated lords facing each other and accompanied by glyphic texts, dating to AD 849 - 10.1.0.0.0. Originally it seems that there was also carving on the sides, with four large cartouches on each side presumably with one large glyph block in each, although these are now eroded and illegible</p><br>
<p>Stela 18</p><br>
<p>Badly eroded, but shows a full figured vision serpent over the body of a bound captive</p><br>
<p>Erected by K’inich Toobil Yopaat to mark the end of the 19th K’atun, 9.19.0.0.0 (AD 810)</p><br>
<p>Found in the B-Group Plaza, to the west of Structure B28</p><br>
<p>Stela 19</p><br>
<p>Erected by K’inich Toobil Yopaat in AD 820 – 9.19.10.0.0</p><br>
<p>Associated with Altar 12 at the southern end of the B-Group Plaza in front of Structure B5, facing Caana.</p><br>
<p>Once the tallest stela at Caracol, it is now broken into several eroded fragments. Only six glyph blocks partially remain on the front, which while eroded, clearly shows the outline of a ruler holding the ceremonial bar.</p><br>
<p>Each side of the monument displayed two cartouches with four glyph blocks each, although those on the left side are broken and eroded. The legible text on the right side seems to be a continuation of the text on the left side, and begins with a glyph that resembles the Site Q emblem. The text also references the two Paddler Gods, who were ‘seen’ by K’inich Toobil Yopaat.</p><br>
<p>Stela 20</p><br>
<p>Only the upper portion is known, and it gives a date of what is likely an accession, but neither the date nor the ruler’s name are included in the surviving text</p><br>
<p>Located on the front of Platform A1a, and is also nearly associated with Stela 12 which both broke and fell into the plaza below</p><br>
<p>On the lower portion of the stela, the outlines of four cartouches can still be seen, although their glyphs are illegible. On the upper portion of the Stela are two facing seated individuals with two eroded glyphic text in between. In the upper left corner appear the jaws of what Beetz and Satterthwaite describe as a serpent</p><br>
<p>Stela 21</p><br>
<p>The top left portion of the stela is broken off, and the lowest row of glyph blocks have broken off and eroded</p><br>
<p>Depicts an unknown Caracol lord (Ruler VII), shown with a kneeling captive identified as a k’uhul ajaw (holy lord) of Ixkun, although his name glyph is also illegible</p><br>
<p>Dates to AD 702 – 9.13.10.0.0</p><br>
<p>Found buried beneath the floor of A Group Plaza by A. H. Anderson, its original location is unknown, although it is speculated that it may have fallen from Platform A1</p><br>
<p>Stela 22</p><br>
<p>Found at the summit of Structure A2 in association with Altar 17. It once had a hieroglyphic text which covered the entire face of the monument; this text is now badly eroded. Two small figures were carved on the top corners of the monument, sitting crossed legged facing each other.</p><br>
<p>Surviving text relates events from the reign of K’an II. Importantly, this stela relates the arrival date of Batz’ Ek’ to Caracol at 9.9.9.10.5. This date is also associated with an event with a ruler of Site Q, leading Grube to suggest that this indicates that Batz’ Ek’ was a woman from Site Q who helped establish an alliance between the two centers. This alliance eventually led to the combined defeat of Naranjo, which is mentioned later in the legible text.</p><br>
<p>The last date appearing on the Stela is at 9.10.0.0.0, at which time the monument was presumably dedicated atop Structure A2</p><br>
<p>Stela 23</p><br>
<p>Only a partial stela, found intentionally broken and placed beneath Altar 17 at the summit of Structure A2.</p><br>
<p>No iconography exists, and only a small amount of text survives. Shows a date that falls between AD 361 and AD 420 and references yajaw te’ which may be referencing a recurring royal name: Yajaw Te’ K’inich</p><br>
<p>Stela 24</p><br>
<p>Found in front of the eastern building of the elite residential group associated with the Puchituk Terminus plaza</p><br>
<p>Finger bowl caches and broken jadeite artifacts were associated with its erection</p><br>
<p>Only a small portion of the original carving exists; no glyphic text. It depicts a ruler below the waist, and a jaguarian figure emerging from a serpentine mouth. A second figure appears on the left, but only a hand is still visible.</p><br>
<p>Altar 1</p><br>
<p>A Giant Ajaw altar placed by Yajaw Te’ K’inich to mark the 9.8.0.0.0 5 Ajaw K’atun ending (AD 593) along with Stela 1</p><br>
<p>Excavations by the University Museum in 1950 revealed its association with Stela 1</p><br>
<p>Altar 2</p><br>
<p>A Giant Ajaw altar located in Plaza A3 at the east edge of Platform A1, which Beetz and Satterthwaite suggest was a secondary placement because of its uncertain relationship to the plaza floor</p><br>
<p>9.17.0.0.0 13 Ajaw?, although its lack of associated monuments and eroded state make this date tentative</p><br>
<p>Altar 3</p><br>
<p>A Giant Ajaw altar dating to 9.5.0.0.0 11 Ajaw or 9.18.0.0.0 11 Ajaw</p><br>
<p>Found in front of Structure A1, resting on three limestone legs which were embedded in the plaza floor and associated with the northern, western, and southeastern axis’s</p><br>
<p>Altar 14 is also dated 11 Ajaw, although Beetz and Satterthwaite assign this monument to an earlier date of 9.5.0.0.0, Mathews dates Altar 3 to the earlier date</p><br>
<p>Altar 4</p><br>
<p>Dated to 9.3.0.0.0 2 Ajaw, this Giant Ajaw altar is associated with Stela 9 in front of Platform A10 in the A-Group Plaza.</p><br>
<p>Altar 5</p><br>
<p>A Giant Ajaw altar found west of Altar 6 and in front of Structure A3</p><br>
<p>B and S suggest that it dates to 9.6.0.0.0 9 Ajaw, although it is too highly eroded to be certain. They also suggest that this altar may have originally been paired with Stela 14 which tentatively marks the same K’atun ending</p><br>
<p>Altar 6</p><br>
<p>This Giant Ajaw altar was found along the north-south axis of Plaza A, and dated based largely on iconography to 9.7.0.0.0. It was also seated on three limestone legs resting on a plaster floor, similar to Altar 3</p><br>
<p>Altar 16 also has the 7 Ajaw date, but is dated 260 tuns later because of its size, associated stela, and iconographic traits</p><br>
<p>Altar 7</p><br>
<p>Well preserved Giant Ajaw altar found on Platform A1 beneath the broken portion of Stela 14, near Stelae 13, 15, and 16. Dates to 9.4.0.0.0 13 Ajaw</p><br>
<p>A disturbed sub-altar cache may indicate the removal of an earlier altar originally associated with Stela 14; the later placement of a cache containing Late Classic materials was found undisturbed immediately below this altar</p><br>
<p>Altars 8 and 9</p><br>
<p>Plain and uncarved monuments which some have suggested are not monuments at all</p><br>
<p>Located in Plaza A3, yet are not associated with any structures or carved monuments</p><br>
<p>Altar 10</p><br>
<p>Found under the fallen portion of Stela 17 to the southeast of B Group, and presumably dating to the same period as the stela (10.1.0.0.0?)</p><br>
<p>It is badly eroded, but the outlines of three figures with the same style headdresses can be seen, along with a few legible glyph blocks</p><br>
<p>Altar 11</p><br>
<p>Highly eroded Giant Ajaw altar, it is almost unrecognizable except for the scalloped quatrefoil surround and potentially a dot and bar coefficient</p><br>
<p>It was situated at the northern edge of Structure B2, potentially placed along the centerline of the structure, although it was not associated with any caches or stelae</p><br>
<p>Located on top of several square limestone blocks which appeared to be secondary altar supports, which contrasts the rounded leg supports for Altars 3 and 6, further suggests that this was a secondary placement</p><br>
<p>Beetz and Satterthwaite suggest the 9.9.0.0.0 3 Ajaw dedicatory date for this monument based on their reconstruction of the dates for Stelae 5 and 6 which would both require a coefficient 3 Ajaw on Giant Ajaw altars if erected on the K’atun ending</p><br>
<p>Altar 12</p><br>
<p>Dedicated by K’inich Toobil Yopaat in AD 820 (9.19.10.0.0) and associated with Stela 19 at the southern end of the B-Group Plaza facing Caana</p><br>
<p>Depicts Toobil Yopaat of Caracol and Lord Papamalil of Ucanal (who was by this time an ally of Caracol) each seated on anthropomorphic head thrones facing each other, potentially engaged in a palanquin event at Ucanal. The text mentions a scattering event undertaken by the Ucanal lord which was overseen by Toobil Yopaat.</p><br>
<p>It goes on to describe a ch’ak event against k’ul mutul (probably Tikal) during which a captive was taken by a Caracol ruler who bears the bakab title.</p><br>
<p>Altar 13</p><br>
<p>Found in front of Caana at the southern end of the B-Group Plaza with Stela 19 and Altar 12</p><br>
<p>Dating to 9.19.10.0.0 (AD 820), Beetz and Satterthwaite hypothesize that this altar may have been associated with Stela 18, although this matter cannot be relied upon until further excavation reveals the base of the stela in situ</p><br>
<p>It depicts an event taking place within a quatrefoil with water and earth symbols at the four corners. There are three figures within the cartouche, the first figure seems to be presenting a bound captive to a Lord</p><br>
<p>Altar 14</p><br>
<p>A Giant Ajaw altar potentially dating to 9.5.0.0.0 11 Ajaw, this altar was found along the north-south axis of A-Group Plaza near Stela 8. It was located above a well-preserved fragment of Altar 15, and while there was no formal cache, this fragment might be constituted as such</p><br>
<p>The occurrence of an 11 Ajaw date also appears on Altar 3, but Altar 14 appears to be earlier, and may have originally been paired with Stela 16</p><br>
<p>Altar 15</p><br>
<p>A fragment found in the A-Group Plaza along the north-south axis below Altar 14</p><br>
<p>Potentially dated to 9.9.0.0.0 3 Ajaw, it was probably originally paired with a stela (possibly Stela 5)</p><br>
<p>Altar 16</p><br>
<p>Isolated at the southern base of Structure B19 (from which it presumably fell in antiquity), it was not associated with a stela, and is the smallest of all the Giant Ajaw altars.</p><br>
<p>Dated to 10.0.0.0.0 7 Ajaw</p><br>
<p>Altar 17</p><br>
<p>This Giant Ajaw altar dating to 9.11.0.0.0 was found resting on edge near the top of Structure A2, erected on K’atun before Altar 17. Only the upper portion of the stela exists, although it once had 12 small cartouches around the rim. It is also the last Giant Ajaw altar known from Caracol.</p><br>
<p>Stylistically similar to Altar 2 with small glyph cartouches around the central Ajaw, this pair is distinct from the other known altars. Beetz and Satterthwaite argue that like Altar 2, Altar 17 was not originally paired with a stela.</p><br>
<p>Altar 18</p><br>
<p>Discovered on the south slope of Structure B6, it is a severely weathered Giant Ajaw altar</p><br>
<p>While Beetz and Satterthwaite suggest a 10.1.0.0.0 5 Ajaw date, this date is tentative because of the level of erosion</p><br>
<p>Altar 19</p><br>
<p>A Giant Ajaw Altar found near Stela 11 in the A-Group Plaza and possibly dating to 9.3.10.0.0</p><br>
<p>Because the known Giant Ajaw altars are paired with carved stelae, Beetz and Satterthwaite suggest that it may have been paired with Stela 7 at the base of Structure A13, which would create an east-west alignment</p><br>
<p>Altar 21</p><br>
<p>One of the Giant Ajaw altars commissioned by K’an II in AD 633 to commemorate the 9.10.0.0.0 K’atun ending</p><br>
<p>References Kan II’s birth date, but the majority of the text deals with Yajaw Te’ K’inich II</p><br>
<p>It tells that Yajaw Te’ K’inich II’s accession takes place under the auspices of the Tikal lord Wak chan K’awiil</p><br>
<p>Also references the ch’ak event by Tikal against Caracol in AD 556, and the later defeat of Tikal in a star-war event by Yajaw Te’ K’inich II at 9.6.8.4.2 – AD 562 and interactions with the Snake polity</p><br>
<p>Placed in the A-Group Ballcourt as the center marker</p><br>
<p>Altar 22</p><br>
<p>Discovered in the Plaza of the Two Stelae, a residential area connected with the B Plaza by a causeway. Found in front of two uncarved stelae, it dates to 9.19.0.0.0 (AD 810).</p><br>
<p>Erected by K’inich Joy K’awiil, its iconography repeats that of the earlier Altar 23 – two bound captives sit on Cauac-thrones. This altar deviates from Altar 23 because of its ballgame iconography and titles.</p><br>
<p>Altar 23</p><br>
<p>Dedicated by K’inich Joy K’awiil in AD 800 (9.18.10.0.0) in the B Plaza west of Structure B28, placed at the same time Stela 11 was erected in the A Plaza.</p><br>
<p>Depicts two bound lords from Ucanal and Bital, whose capture is credited to Tum Yohl K’inich, a 3 K’atun Ajaw with the Bacab title and Caracol emblem glyph. This figure is the predecessor of K’inich Joy K’awiil, and may also be his father.</p><br>
<p>Altar 24</p><br>
<p>Found in the El Chaquistero group in 1991 on the second highest structure in the group.</p><br>
<p>A Giant Ajaw altar dedicated by Yajaw Te’ K’inich II on 9.7.0.0.0. It is one of the first monument erected at Caracol after the successful star-war against Tikal.</p><br>
<p>Ballcourt Markers 1 and 2</p><br>
<p>Both badly eroded, but are obviously a stylistic set. Both show two figures facing away from each other, one a god head and the other an animal. BCM 1 shows a rabbit head facing away from an image of the Sun God.</p><br>
<p>BCM 2 depicts a jaguar head facing away from what is likely an image of God N emerging from his shell.</p><br>
<p>BCM 1 was found 8m southeast of Ballcourt A, and BCM 2 was found in the center of Ballcourt B.</p><br>
<p>Ballcourt Marker 3</p><br>
<p>Discovered northwest of the B Group Ballcourt.</p><br>
<p>Erected by K’inich Joy K’awiil, and associates him with the date 9.18.8.3.9 (AD 798) which is the first date after the epigraphic hiatus.</p><br>
<p>It refers back in time to the dynastic founding which took place in AD 331 (8.14.13.10.4)</p><br>
<p>Ballcourt Marker 4</p><br>
<p>Located at the southern end of the B Ballcourt Cristophe Helmke, Harri Kettunen, and Stanley Guenter</p><br>
<p>2006 Comments on the Hieroglyphic Texts of the B-Group Ballcourt Markers at Caracol, Belize. Wayeb Notes 23:1-27.</p><br>
<p>Has the same glyphic arrangement as BCM 3, yet dates one year later at 9.18.9.5.9 (AD 799). The text describes the accession of K’inich Joy K’awiil, as well as the ‘presentation’ of a monument</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>1200 BC – 250 AD</p><br>
<p>Preclassic Small sedentary villages followed by development of monumentality and larger centers.</p><br>
<p>c. 600–900 BC</p><br>
<p>Earliest archaeologically known habitation at Caracol proper</p><br>
<p>c. AD 70</p><br>
<p>Structure A6-1st, "Temple of the Wooden Lintel," constructed and consecrated; locus B34 burial; full Maya ritual complex present at Caracol.</p><br>
<p>c. AD 150</p><br>
<p>Elaborate burial placed in Structure B34 locus.</p><br>
<p>AD 250–900</p><br>
<p>Classic "Peak" of Maya civilization; pyramids, tombs, inscriptions, widespread trade; by AD 800 Maya "collapse" is underway.</p><br>
<p>c. AD 330</p><br>
<p>Teotihuacan style cremation with three individuals (S.D. C117F-1) placed in the plaza of the Northeast Acropolis</p><br>
<p>AD 331 (8.14.13.10.4)</p><br>
<p>Caracol Royal dynasty "officially" founded by Te’ K’ab Chaak (Tree Branch Rain God), Caracol’s dynastic progenitor</p><br>
<p>AD 400 (8.18.4.4.14)</p><br>
<p>Stela 20 dedicated</p><br>
<p>c. AD 480</p><br>
<p>Unknown ruler&#39;s tomb placed in Structure D16.</p><br>
<p>AD 484 (9.2.9.0.16)</p><br>
<p>Accession of Lord Yajaw Te’ K’inich I</p><br>
<p>AD 495 (9.3.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Altar 4 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 504 (9.3.10.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Altar 19 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 514 (9.4.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Altar 7 and Stela 13 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 531 (9.4.16.13.3)</p><br>
<p>Accession of K’an I</p><br>
<p>AD 534 (9.5.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Dedication of Altars 3 (?) and 14, and Stela 13</p><br>
<p>AD 537</p><br>
<p>Use of initial tomb in Structure B20-3rd.</p><br>
<p>AD 553 (9.5.19.1.2)</p><br>
<p>Accession of Caracol Ruler Lord Water (Yajaw Te’ K’inich II)</p><br>
<p>AD 554 (9.6.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Altar 5 and Stela 14 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 556 (9.6.5.1.11)</p><br>
<p>Tikal exacted a ch’ak (axe) event on Caracol; Tikal wins upper hand in this first war event at Caracol.</p><br>
<p>AD 562 (9.6.8.4.2)</p><br>
<p>"Star-War" defeat of Tikal Lord Wak Chan K’awiil by Caracol</p><br>
<p>AD 566</p><br>
<p>Batz Ek born</p><br>
<p>AD 573 (9.7.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Dedication of Altars 6, 24 and Stela 15</p><br>
<p>AD 575 (9.7.2.0.3)</p><br>
<p>Birth of Knot Ahau</p><br>
<p>AD 577</p><br>
<p>One of three tombs in Structure B20-2nd used.</p><br>
<p>AD 577 or 582</p><br>
<p>Front tomb in Structure A34 consecrated</p><br>
<p>AD 583 (9.7.10.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Stela 4 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 588 (9.7.14.10.8)</p><br>
<p>Birth of Caracol Ruler Kan II.</p><br>
<p>AD 593 (9.8.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Altar 1 and Stela 1 erected</p><br>
<p>AD 599 (9.8.5.16.12)</p><br>
<p>Accession of Caracol Lord Knot Ahau.</p><br>
<p>AD 603 (9.8.10.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Stela 6 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 613 (9.9.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Altars 15 and 11, and Stela 5 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 614</p><br>
<p>Tomb in Structure L3-2nd covered.</p><br>
<p>AD 618 (9.9.4.16.2)</p><br>
<p>Accession of Kan II.</p><br>
<p>AD 626 and 628 (9.9.13.4.4)</p><br>
<p>Naranjo defeated in two Hubi war events; major expansion of Caracol follows.</p><br>
<p>AD 631 (9.9.18.16.3)</p><br>
<p>Caracol wins Star-War against Naranjo; texts erected at Naranjo celebrating Caracol lords</p><br>
<p>AD 633 (9.10.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Altar 21 and Stela 7 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 634</p><br>
<p>Woman&#39;s tomb in Structure B19-2nd closed.</p><br>
<p>AD 652 (9.11.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Stela 3 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 658 (9.11.5.15.9)</p><br>
<p>Death of Kan II. Accession of Lord Smoke Skull (K’ahk’ Ujol K’inich II) who is only known from monuments at La Rejolla</p><br>
<p>AD 680 (9.12.7.14.1)</p><br>
<p>Naranjo gains independence in Star-War event.</p><br>
<p>AD 696</p><br>
<p>Tomb in Structure A3-1st covered</p><br>
<p>AD 702 (9.13.10.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Stela 21 erected; Capture of Ixkun lord noted</p><br>
<p>Beginning of Caracol’s epigraphic hiatus (AD 702–798)</p><br>
<p>AD 790 (9.18.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Warfare event credited to K’inich Joy K&#39;awil on Stela 11 (erected AD 800), indicating the capture of eight captives (two of which are shown on Altar 23, and another on Stela 17); potential erection date for Altar 3 (?)</p><br>
<p>AD 799 (9.18.9.5.9)</p><br>
<p>Accession of Lord K’inich Joy K’awiil</p><br>
<p>AD 800 (9.18.10.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Erection of Stela 11 and Altar 23</p><br>
<p>Capture of 3 prisoners, including Ucanal lord, by Caracol Ruler Joy K&#39;awiil</p><br>
<p>AD 804 (9.18.13.10.19)</p><br>
<p>Potential accession of K’inich Toobil Yopaat</p><br>
<p>AD 810 (9.19.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Stelae 8, 9, and 18 erected</p><br>
<p>AD 820 (9.19.10.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Altars 12, 13, and Stela 19 dedicated</p><br>
<p>Ch’ak event against k’ul mutul (probably Tikal) recorded on Altar 12</p><br>
<p>AD 830 (10.0.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Altar 16 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 849 (10.1.0.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Altar 18 and Stela 17 dedicated</p><br>
<p>AD 859 (10.1.10.0.0)</p><br>
<p>Last recorded date at Caracol on Stela 10.</p><br>
<p>AD 900-1500</p><br>
<p>Caracol center abandoned entering the Postclassic. Most major sites are located away from Classic Period centers, but near water. Sites are generally characterized by low-lying as opposed to monumental architecture.</p><br>
<p>c. AD 1050</p><br>
<p>Last use of Caracol Structure A6; Caracol totally abandoned.</p><br>
<p>AD 1500–present</p><br>
<p>"Historic" era begins when Europeans arrive in the New World; most native Maya populations decimated by disease; others disrupted by warfare and forced population movements. Native populations still comprise over 50% of Guatemala and Yucatán.</p><br>
<h2>Lords of Caracol</h2><br>
<p>Note that this list is not continuous, as the epigraphic record is incomplete.</p><br>
<p>331&ndash;349: Te Kab Chaak</p><br>
<p>circa 470: Kak Ujol K&#39;inich I</p><br>
<p>484&ndash;514: Yajaw Te Kinich I</p><br>
<p>531&ndash;534: K&#39;an I</p><br>
<p>553&ndash;593: Yajaw Te Kinich II (Lord Water)</p><br>
<p>599&ndash;613: Knot Ajaw</p><br>
<p>618&ndash;658: K&#39;an II</p><br>
<p>658&ndash;680: Kak Ujol K&#39;inich II</p><br>
<p>circa 700: Ruler VII</p><br>
<p>mid 8th century: name unknown</p><br>
<p>793: Tum Yohl K&#39;inich</p><br>
<p>798: Kinich Joy Kawiil</p><br>
<p>810&ndash;830: Kinich Toobil Yoaat</p><br>
<p>835&ndash;849: K&#39;an III</p><br>
<p>859: Ruler XIII</p><br>
<p>Te’ K’ab Chaak (Tree Branch Rain God) is the dynastic progenitor of Caracol, yet is only known from two Late Classic back dated texts. One places him at AD 331, and the second at AD 349.</p><br>
<p>K’ahk’ Ujol K’inich I (also known as Ruler I, or Smoking Skull I) appears on the 6th century genealogical text of Stela 16, but his place in the line of reigning lords is unknown. His reign has been estimated to be circa AD 470. He may have been the father of Yajaw Te’ K’inich I.</p><br>
<p>Yajaw Te’ K’inich I acceded to rulership in AD 484 (9.2.9.0.16), and is known from Stela 13, which records his celebration of the 4th K’atun in AD 514. His monuments include Stela 13 and Altar 4. He is the father of K’an I.</p><br>
<p>K&#39;an I (also known as Ruler II) is the son of Yajaw Te’ K’inich I, and acceded his father in AD 531 – 9.4.16.13.3. Stela 15 text gives his parentage statement, and tells that his accession was overseen by a ‘higher authority,’ either another lord or a divine being. His monuments include Stela 16 (which includes his parentage statement) and Altar 14.</p><br>
<p>Yajaw Te Kinich II (also known as Lord Water), son of K’an I and named after his grandfather, acceded to power in AD 553 - 9.5.19.1.2. His monuments include Stelae 1, 4(?), 14, and Altars 1, 6, and 24. His first monument, Stela 14, records the K’atun ending in AD 554 (9.6.0.0.0). As told on Altar 21, Yajaw Te’ K’inich II’s accession takes place under the auspices of the Tikal Lord Wak Chan K’awiil. He erected Stela 1 and Altar 1 to mark his last K’atun ending of 9.8.0.0.0, and four years later he is referenced as ‘seeing’ the 9.8.10.0.0 ending. He is mentioned in the fragmentary text on Stela 23. In AD 562 – 9.6.8.4.2 he enacted the first recorded star war against Tikal and Lord Wak Chan K’awiil. h. Yajaw Te Kinich II&#39;s two sons, Knot Ajaw and Kan II, rule after him.</p><br>
<p>Knot Ajaw, born in AD 575 (9.7.2.0.3), succeeded his father Yajaw Te’ K’inich II in AD 599. Erected Stelae 5, 6, and 7 (?) to the west of Structure A13, as well as dedicated Altars 11(?) and 15. He was the half-brother of K’an II.</p><br>
<p>K’an II is described as the most successful Caracol ruler. Reigning for 40 years from AD 618 to 658, he expanded the causeway system and saw an increase in the site’s population. Born as Sak Witzil Baah (“White First Hill”, or “White Gopher Hill”) in AD 588, he took his grandfather’s name at his accession. He was the half-brother of Knot Ajaw, and was thus always stressing his legitimacy by referencing his mother (who may be Batz’ Ek’). It is interesting that he never references the rule of his brother Knot Ajaw in any of his monuments, even those that describe his dynastic predecessors. He also seems to have developed diplomatic contacts with the Snake polity, with whom he coordinated the war with Naranjo, which began in 626, and ended with the defeat of Naranjo in 631. His monuments include Stelae 3, 22, Altars 2, 7, 17,19, and 21, and potentially the Hieroglyphic Stairway and Panel 1 from Naranjo.</p><br>
<p>K’ahk’ Ujol K’inich II (also known as Smoking Skull II, or Ruler VI) succeeded K’an II in AD 658, but as he has no surviving parentage statements, we cannot be certain that he is K’an II’s son. His only monument appears at La Rejolla, and only two stucco texts from Caana (Structures B16-sub and B18). One of these texts shows that in AD 680, Caracol was the victim of a star war from Naranjo (also called Naranjo’s war of Independence). Martin and Grube suggest that this action drove K’ahk’ Ujol K’inich from Caracol, at which time he may have fled to La Rejolla 12 km to the northwest. The remainder of this text has not been excavated. This star war event seems to have launched Caracol’s epigraphic hiatus, which continues for 96 years, until AD 798.</p><br>
<p>Ruler VII reigned during the epigraphic hiatus, and erected only one stela (Stela 21) dated to AD 702 (9.13.10.0.0). One candidate for this ruler comes from Naj Tunich, some 46 km to the south. In one of the cave’s chambers dated to AD 692 is a text referring to a Caracol elite named Tz’ayaj K’ajk’, who carries the emblem glyph, but not the k’inich ajaw prefix.</p><br>
<p>Tum Yohl K’inich (also called Ruler VIII) is as enigmatic as Ruler VII. He likewise appears in the Naj Tunich, and also lacks the k’inich ajaw prefix, leaving his royal status in question. In this text, he performs a fire-bearing ritual under the supervision of a lord of Ixkun; an unnamed lord of Calakmul is also involved. All other appearances of his name occur in later retrospective texts like Altar 23, which lists him as a 3 K’atun lord, and the captor of two lords from Ucanal and Bital.</p><br>
<p>K’inich Joy K’awiil began a revival of the Caracol polity with his accession in AD 799 (9.18.9.5.9). He commissioned the B-Group Ballcourt, the markers of which date back to the dynastic founder Te’ K’ab Chaak. Stela 11 shows Tum Yohl K’inich in an ambiguous relationship to Joy K’awiil, which may show that he is the latter’s father, or as suggested by Altar 23 potentially a relative in a high-ranking military position.</p><br>
<p>K’inich Toobil Yopaat’s (also known as Ruler X and XI) accession date is not certain, but he erected five (possibly six) monuments (**Stelae 18, 19, Altars 12, 13), and seems to have repaired relations with Ucanal. This new relationship is depicted on Altars 12 and 13, as well as on stucco text from Structure B18.</p><br>
<p>K’an III is little known, and he erected three monuments.</p><br>
<p>Ruler XIII is the last known lord of Caracol, and erected only one monument: Stela 10. Stela 10 is a carved all glyphic monument which may commemorate the half-K’atun 10.1.10.0.0 (AD 859).</p><br>
<h2>Select architectural groups</h2><br>
<p>A Group Plaza</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest groups at the site. Has temples on three sides, and a western range platform supporting six structures; built over the earlier Uaxactun style E Group (completed by AD 70). Structures A1-A7 surround the plaza.</p><br>
<p>Painted texts from elite tombs in Structure A3 and A34 (the Central Acropolis).</p><br>
<p>8th Cycle dedication caches placed, probably also timed with the completion/dedication of the E Group); this predates caching practices at other sites like Tikal by several hundred years.</p><br>
<p>Structure A1</p><br>
<p>Investigations encountered ritual activity in a traditionally non-ritual context at the back of the structure. Stela 1 and Altar 1 were located at the rear, in front of a tomb with three cremated individuals, and over a twice life-size stucco figure which created, modified, and used during the Early Classic. Also recovered were two elaborate caches dating to the end of the Early Classic, including a cached ceramic box found at the chest of the stucco figure.</p><br>
<p>Construction dates to the Early classic. Probably played a role in the Lord Water (Yajaw Te’ K’inich II), Knot Ahau, and Kan II transition. Occupation and modification demonstrated in the Late to Terminal Classic.</p><br>
<p>Grouping of monuments includes Stelae 13, 14, 15, 16, and Altar 7. This building sequence seems to have begun with a dedicatory cache on the bedrock below Platform A1 containing Early Classic pottery, which was covered over by a floor in which Stelae 13 and 14 were set. A Late or Terminal Classic cache was placed directly above the first and Stelae 15 and 16 were broken and covered by Altar 7 in front of Stela 14 (this indicates that originally, Stela 14 and Altar 7 were not a pair; Altar 7 was a later addition).</p><br>
<p>Structure A2</p><br>
<p>Forming the western side of the A Group Plaza, excavations revealed several Early Classic caches and a Terminal Classic tomb. Stela 22 which was found 1.5m west of Altar 17, and Stela 23 were also found at its summit.</p><br>
<p>Excavations revealed that the structure was built in one single construction effort during the Late Preclassic with only minor later modification.</p><br>
<p>Structure A3</p><br>
<p>Located on the northern side of the A Group Plaza</p><br>
<p>Painted capstone shows building renovation in AD 696</p><br>
<p>Excavations uncovered a well preserved front stairway with the basal portion of a central stair mask. Two special deposits (a Terminal Classic skull cache and a Late Classic partial burial) were found in association with the stair, but neither revealed any artifactual offerings. The mask here was also not associated with a tomb, as is the case with B19 and B20 on Caana.</p><br>
<p>Structure A5</p><br>
<p>Stelae 13, 14, 15, 16, and Altar 7 were found adjacent, and Stelae 12 and 20 were found at its base.</p><br>
<p>No tombs were located within its core,</p><br>
<p>Structure A6</p><br>
<p>The largest of the four buildings surrounding A-Group Plaza, and dates to the 1st century AD. Two tombs were located in front of the structure, and were both of an Early Classic date, although no tombs were found within the core of the building.</p><br>
<p>The primary eastern temple in the A Group</p><br>
<p>Appears to have been the location of long term use, evidenced from cooking vessels and burning dated into the 11th century AD.</p><br>
<p>Structure A8</p><br>
<p>The superstructure, excavated during the 1990 field season, revealed a tandem-room structure facing south, away from the A Plaza. Excavations revealed that the earlier platform faced west, and a probe in the plaza floor showed a posthole, although it is unknown if it is associated with the platform or an earlier construction.</p><br>
<p>Structure A10</p><br>
<p>Defines the northern boundary of the A Group Ballcourt (Structures A11 and A12). Its earliest construction associated with the earliest floor indicated a Late Preclassic date. The latest material recovered from the floor of the structure is Late to Terminal Classic effigy censors, indicating a long use history.</p><br>
<p>A Group Ballcourt (Structures A11 and A12)</p><br>
<p>Altar 21 centrally placed within the ballcourt</p><br>
<p>Structure A13</p><br>
<p>Associated with Stelae 5, 6, and 7 which originally sat in a line at western front of the structure.</p><br>
<p>It was obviously a place of dynastic ritual and potentially accession, as it has 3 stelae along its base. A purposely burned cache was found within the structure, and probably dated to the onset of the Late Classic.</p><br>
<p>Three small platforms, and no formally constructed buildings, surmounted this structure in its final form and the structure itself seems to date to the early Late Classic.</p><br>
<p>B Group Plaza</p><br>
<p>Caana (B14-B20, B36, B37)</p><br>
<p>Caana ("sky-palace") is the largest building at Caracol. It remains one of the largest man-made structures in Belize. It is situated on the north end of the B Group plaza.</p><br>
<p>Rebuilt by Lord Water, and tombs were placed in B20 at AD 577Modified and inhabited during the Classic and Terminal Classic.</p><br>
<p>Major constructions date to the Late 7th century (AD 650–696)</p><br>
<p>In total it had minimally 71 rooms and at least 45 benches.</p><br>
<p>Structure B18</p><br>
<p>One of the latest constructions on Caana’s summit, it was remodeled by K’inich Toobil Yopaat in the first half of the 9th century, and include stucco references to Papmalil of Ucanal.</p><br>
<p>Its latest construction raised the final floor 4m above the previous floor construction. Its rooms resembled a palace structure rather than the expected temple, which is further supported by the lack of axial caches.</p><br>
<p>Structure B19</p><br>
<p>One of the most important structures at Caracol, and the tallest. The large tomb of an elite woman was excavated in 1987; several additional tombs have been found in subsequent excavations. Two reentered tombs under the side rooms indicate continued use of the structure into the Late Classic (past AD 700).</p><br>
<p>It was originally constructed at the end of the Late Preclassic, and only in the Late Classic was its height raised.</p><br>
<p>Painted texts from elite tombs in structures B19 and B20. Earliest known hieroglyphic text associated with a tomb – Structure B20, dates to AD 537. One has a painted date that seems to be 9.10.1.12.11 (AD 634), and Martin and Grube suggest that it is Lady Batz’ Ek’</p><br>
<p>At the foot of the steps to B19 is a giant ajaw altar dedicated to the Bak’tun ending 10.0.0.0.0 7 Ajaw (AD 830).</p><br>
<p>Structures B8 and B9</p><br>
<p>Together they create the B Group ballcourt</p><br>
<p>A centerline east-west trench was paced in 1986, demonstrating that the court was built in a single construction</p><br>
<p>Its markers include BCMs 2, 3, and 4 (see monument list)</p><br>
<p>Barrio (B21-B26)</p><br>
<p>It was undergoing major renovations at the time of abandonment. It is a palace compound which consists of a series of vaulted structures on a raised platform to the east of Caana and the B Plaza.</p><br>
<p>Substantial deposits of Terminal Classic ceramics were found between Structures B25 and B26. Excavations into the structure’s core indicate a Late Classic construction with Terminal Classic modification.</p><br>
<p>Structure B21</p><br>
<p>Forms the eastern portion of the Barrio complex, and was originally mapped by Satterthwaite. It is an eight-room tandem plan building, and the two rooms facing the courtyard each have benches, but no associated deposits or caches.</p><br>
<p>Structure B25</p><br>
<p>Dominating the eastern edge of the plaza, whose western stair seems to have been remodeled, although there was little evidence of previous construction efforts. Several of its rooms yielded ceramic vessels, burnt surfaces, beads, and benches.</p><br>
<p>Structure B26</p><br>
<p>The tallest building within the Barrio complex, and dominates the northern side of the courtyard. Excavations revealed that the building was never finished, as it was being enlarged at the time of abandonment.</p><br>
<p>Structure B28</p><br>
<p>It is the eastern building on the B Plaza, and is associated with the Terminal Classic Stela 18 and Altar 23. Excavations during the 2002 season revealed that this building was primarily constructed during the latter part of the Late Classic.</p><br>
<p>Extensive disarticulated human remains were found to the front of the building’s steps, some of which seems to have been burnt along with the associated floor. These remains date to the Terminal Classic, and represent the remains of 2 to 17 individuals. These bones were directly associated with the fragmented Stela 25, which is suspected to have tumbled down from B28’s summit.</p><br>
<p>The Northeast Acropolis (B30-B34)</p><br>
<p>Directly to the east of Caana, on the north side of a plaza created by Caana to the west and the Barrio palace complex to the east. This structure group atop a large raised platform was occupied from the Late Preclassic through the Terminal Classic, with extensive modification in the later period. The only definite access point is on the western side (presumably with a similar stair on the eastern side) which would have created an intensely restricted plaza space.</p><br>
<p>Massive construction during the Late to Terminal Classic raised the plaza over 2m</p><br>
<p>A test pit was placed in the center of the plaza revealing an Early Classic cremation dating to AD 330 (S.D. C117F-1) which was recovered from a sealed deposit within the central plaza. Twenty ceramic vessels were recovered in various conditions, many being severely burnt, three of which are reminiscent of Teotihuacan style vessels. Six tanged points were recovered warped from the intensity of the fire, along with many other elite goods. A minimum of three individuals were present, although the bones were too badly burnt to identify sex or age.</p><br>
<p>Structure B30</p><br>
<p>One of two range structures that mark the southern edge of the Acropolis (along with Structure B31). There was no access point to the Acropolis between these two structures.</p><br>
<p>Structure B31</p><br>
<p>As pared with B30, probably contained two inset terraced area, yet their function is unknown. There is evidence of a small stairway to the west of this structure which grants access to the Acropolis.</p><br>
<p>Structure B32</p><br>
<p>A range structure (probably consisting of two levels originally) situated on the western edge of the Acropolis plaza. Evidence of extensive burning was found on either side of the stairway which extended into the plaza, as well as along both sides of the terrace facings. While dirt fill contained Late Preclassic through Terminal Classic refuse, there was only one Terminal Classic construction effort.</p><br>
<p>Structure B33</p><br>
<p>The largest construction on the Northeast Acropolis. Containing 8 rooms, there were no vaulted stones recovered, indicating a wooden/perishable roofing structure. An Early Classic tomb (S.D. C181B-1) was found beneath the summit floor containing one adult individual with head to the east. Evidence of Terminal Classic modification and expansion may be contemporaneous with the raising of the plaza. A test-pit in front of the structure recovered a Late Preclassic cache</p><br>
<p>Structure B34</p><br>
<p>The eastern shrine of the complex, was excavated and deposits show a long history, ranging from the Late Preclassic through the Terminal Classic. Several special deposits dating to the Late Classic were found; no late dating royal tombs were recovered (unlike Caana and the Central Acropolis)</p><br>
<p>C Group Plaza</p><br>
<p>Includes the plaza created by Structures B59-B62, B64, and I19-I20. This plaza and the majority of its associated structures date largely to the Late Preclassic based on construction sequencing and mortuary activity.</p><br>
<p>Structure B59</p><br>
<p>A square collapsed stone structure on the northeast corner of the C Group plaza; it was selected for excavation based on its potential as a shrine. It was completely infilled with raised benches, and resembles a sweat house except for the missing ‘firebox’ which would have been set to the rear of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Structure I20</p><br>
<p>Sits atop the eastern end of I19, a long range building making up the northern edge of the plaza group. Built in multiple phases all dating to the Late Classic, it had two distinct buildings. Excavations revealed used into the Terminal Classic, and several caches and burials were also uncovered.</p><br>
<p>Culebras Residential Group</p><br>
<p>Located southeast of the South Acropolis, on the eastern side of the Pajaro-Romonal Causeway. Set within a terraced hillside, and was investigated during the 2008-2009 field seasons.</p><br>
<p>Structure C20</p><br>
<p>The northernmost of the plaza group’s two eastern shrines. It contained a Late Classic tomb (S.D. C179B-7) with a narrow stairway created for reentry; this entry way was sealed during the latest construction effort. This entry was used to deposit a total of seven individuals into the tomb. A concentration of smashed ceramic sherds was found directly over the tomb’s axis. The items interred with these individuals indicated access to a variety of prestige goods and tradewares from outside Caracol.</p><br>
<p>South Acropolis</p><br>
<p>This area was flourishing at the end of the Late Preclassic, and was an area for ritual as evidenced by recovered incensarios. Moving into the Early Classic, it seems to have functioned as an elite residence.</p><br>
<p>Structure D4</p><br>
<p>This structure formed the formal entrance way to the South Acropolis. Heavily burn but fragmentary human remains were uncovered in an excavation of a previous looter’s trench.</p><br>
<p>Structure D5</p><br>
<p>It is the westernmost of the three small platforms that make up the southern side of the South Acropolis. A line-of-stone building overlaid an earlier eastern facing construction dating to the Late Classic, which in turn overlaid a Preclassic floor.</p><br>
<p>Structure D7</p><br>
<p>This mortuary structure dominates the eastern side of the main interior plaza, and has three substructures. A tomb was found on the western slope which included nine vessels (all of Early Classic date), several Charlie Chaplins, and four limestone bars.</p><br>
<p>Structure D9</p><br>
<p>This structure is the eastern building of the South Acropolis plaza formed by Structures D7, D11, D16, and three small southern platforms. Excavations encountered at least two prior constructions, and the final construction dates to the Late and Terminal Classic.</p><br>
<p>A crypt was placed in the front of the final construction, containing two adults and several vessels dating to the Late to Terminal Classic. A crude cist was carved out in front of the lower step of an earlier building phase.</p><br>
<p>Structure D11</p><br>
<p>A large building which forms the western limit of the southeast plaza, and the eastern limit of the southwest plaza of the South Acropolis. It primarily faces the southeast plaza, and probably dates tot eh Late Classic based on limited ceramics.</p><br>
<p>Structure D12</p><br>
<p>Defines the south side of the southwest plaza of the South Acropolis.</p><br>
<p>Structure D14</p><br>
<p>Exists at the western end of the main South Acropolis plaza.</p><br>
<p>Structure D16</p><br>
<p>This structure surmounts the large raised platform that makes us the southern side of the main plaza, and is paired with D17 and D18.</p><br>
<p>An excavated burial containing two individuals dating to AD 500.</p><br>
<p>Structure D17</p><br>
<p>Several tombs were found by A. H. Anderson during his early excavations, and include several ceramic vessels of a Late Classic date.</p><br>
<p>Structure D18</p><br>
<p>It is the central structure on the platform, and much of it was presumably removed by A. H. Anderson who also seems to have encountered several tombs.</p><br>
<p>Structure F2</p><br>
<p>It is the eastern building of the Northwest Group, and was severely looted prior to 1985. Two secondary burials were found in the core, and two cist burials were located in the plaza directly in front of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Painted stucco decoration was found in the western collapse of the building, and two earlier versions of the structure were also encountered.</p><br>
<p>Alta/Baja Vista Residential Complex</p><br>
<p>Situated immediately west of the Northwest Group (Structures F1-F4), and includes Structures F30-F42, and was selected for its occupation by Caracol’s secondary elite. 28 special deposits were uncovered during excavations. Excavations revealed a long history of occupation, dating from the Late Preclassic to the Terminal Classic.</p><br>
<p>Structure F33</p><br>
<p>One of the tallest residential constructions at Caracol, and the tallest building at the Baja/Alta Vista complex. It yielded a large number of Late Classic ritual deposits (3 burials and 12 caches), indicating its importance to the complex.</p><br>
<p>Sequencing indicates that this structure was first utilized as a ritual location for Late Preclassic to Early Classic caching practices, and for Late Classic burials.</p><br>
<p>Structure F36</p><br>
<p>On the northern side of the Baja Vista plaza, it had a facing that was evident before excavation. At least two earlier version of the structure were evidenced, yet no deposits were recovered from beneath the building itself. Several burials and caches were recovered from the plaza directly in front of the structure. From ceramic materials it is possible to date the latest version of the structure to the Late Classic.</p><br>
<p>Structure F39</p><br>
<p>The larger of two eastern buildings of Baja Vista and at least four different versions of the building are evident. Two earlier shrines were discovered, and the earlier of the two (S.D. C184B-4) contained a large quantity of ritual ceramics and bone. This earlier shrine was also directly behind a burial (S.D. C184B-7), and directly above a second burial (S.D. C184B-6). In total, three burials, three caches, and a shrine deposit were uncovered, and the majority of these materials date to the Late Classic, one burial dates to the Terminal Classic.</p><br>
<p>Structure F41</p><br>
<p>Located on the southern side of the Baja Vista plaza, this structure is the central building of three low structures. It was shown to be a bi-level building with a northern frontal stoop. Materials were limited, but indicated a Terminal Classic occupation date.</p><br>
<p>Saraguate</p><br>
<p>Located in the west-central portion of Map Quad 3I, and is 350m east of the South Causeway and explored during the 1997 field season. One of the largest architectural complexes in the southeast sector and situated within terraces along a small hill that extends west to the South Causeway.</p><br>
<p>Extensive looting had cut through at least one tomb, three eastern and one northern building. The backfill from this tomb yielded a Preclassic vessel; further excavations revealed a Late Classic tomb with a single female individual.</p><br>
<p>The largest structure is the central east building and also showed extensive looting. Within the looter’s trench were the remains of 3 adults and a partial Early Classic vessel. A two-room tomb was found beneath the stairway, and although looted still revealed four individuals and three Late Classic vessels along with other smaller artifacts. A single Late Classic face cache was found in front of the lower step of the building.</p><br>
<p>These excavations indicate occupation dating from the Late Preclassic to at least the Late Classic</p><br>
<p>Retiro</p><br>
<p>Terminus discovered during the 1991 field season, at which time a large number of looted tombs were also salvaged. The Causeway terminates into a large administrative plaza bordered by low range structures. A second plaza set at the foot of a hill connects is connected by a 30m wide causeway, and contains large pyramids, plain stelae and altars. At the hill’s summit, there is a series of elite plaza groups accessed by a causeway stairway. Salvage work was conducted on the southern building of this group, revealing a tomb which had been decorated with red-line painting.</p><br>
<p>These constructions date from the Early and Late Classic.</p><br>
<p>Ceiba</p><br>
<p>Also located during the 1991 field season, the causeway runs past a still functional reservoir, and the terminus is situated on a high hill. Made up of a small group of range buildings, the main plaza area probably served an administrative function. To the south of this group is a larger plaza with sizable pyramids; to the north is an acropolis group. A causeway continues past this terminus and the Guatemalan border, eventually ending at the La Rejolla terminus</p><br>
<p>Excavation and salvage work done at this terminus indicated primarily Late Classic dates. The ‘Pescador’ group to the north also yielded Protoclassic and Preclassic ceramics.</p><br>
<h2>Other area sites</h2><br>
<p>Other Maya sites within the Cayo district include Xunantunich, Cahal Pech, and Chaa Creek.</p><br>
